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((short description|Conference on international security policy))
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The '''IISS Asia Security Summit: The Shangri-La Dialogue''' ('''SLD''') is a "[[Track I diplomacy|Track One]]" [[International security|inter-governmental security]] [[Meeting|conference]] held annually in [[Singapore]] by an independent think tank, the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS). The dialogue is commonly attended by defence ministers, permanent heads of ministries and military chiefs of mostly [[Asia-Pacific]] states. The forum's name is derived from the [[Shangri-La Hotel Singapore|Shangri-La Hotel]] in [[Singapore]], where it has been held since 2002.

The summit serves to cultivate a sense of community among the most important policymakers in the defence and security community in the region. Government delegations have made the best out of the meeting by holding bilateral meetings with other delegations on the sidelines of the conference. While primarily an inter-governmental meeting, the summit is also attended by legislators, academic experts, distinguished journalists and business delegates.

Over the years, the Shangri-La Dialogue has become one of the most important independent forums for the exchange of views by international security policy decision-makers. Besides the host nation, countries that have participated in the dialogue have included [[Australia]], [[Brunei]], [[Cambodia]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[Laos]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mongolia]], [[Myanmar]], [[New Zealand]], [[Pakistan]], the [[Philippines]], [[Russia]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Sweden]], [[Thailand]], [[Timor-Leste]], [[Ukraine]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]] and [[Vietnam]].

==History==
[[File:Shangri-la member countries.png|thumb|250px|Countries participating in Shangri-La Dialogue]]
===Background===
Prior to the first summit, Asia lacked a regional security framework like Europe. Earlier in 1996, US Defence Secretary [[William J. Perry|William Perry]] and Thai Defence Minister [[Chavalit Yongchaiyudh]] each proposed separate initiatives to gather their counterparts in Asia but came to nothing.<ref name="Btaylor" /> The only Track One multilateral Asian security forum was the [[ASEAN Regional Forum]] (ARF), which was found to be unwieldy since it focused on confidence-building and at worst, little more than a talkshop.<ref>((Cite web |last=Brandon |first=John |date=2002-07-31 |title=International Institute for Strategic Studies The International Herald Tribune - ASEAN |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314025240/http://www.iiss.org/conferences/the-shangri-la-dialogue/press-coverage/press-coverage-2002/the-international-herald-tribune---asean/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.iiss.org/conferences/the-shangri-la-dialogue/press-coverage/press-coverage-2002/the-international-herald-tribune---asean/ |archive-date=2012-03-14 |access-date=2023-04-04 ))</ref> In addition, the ARF was led by foreign ministers, leaving defence diplomacy and security cooperation in the region somewhat in want for a mechanism for defence ministers to interact.

The SLD was conceived by the current IISS Director-General and Chief Executive [[John Chipman (chief executive)|Sir John Chipman]] in 2001 in response to the clear need for a forum where the Asia Pacific defence ministers could engage in dialogue aimed at building confidence and fostering practical security cooperation. During the 36th [[Munich Conference on Security Policy]], Chipman 'noticed Asian officials receiving short shrift' and realised that 'Asia needed its own defence institution at which defence ministers met and spoke'.<ref name="Btaylor">((cite book |title=The Shangri-La Dialogue and the Institutionalization of Defence Diplomacy in Asia |author=David Capie, Brendan Taylor |publisher=[[The Pacific Review]] Vol 23 No 3 |year=2010 ))</ref>

Initially the SLD was modelled after the Munich Conference on Security Policy, but with greater ambition - to create a Track One organization that "defence ministers needed if they were to have any chance at all of meeting multilaterally in a transregional format".<ref name="report5" /> Invitations were essentially focused on the members of the ASEAN Regional Forum in order to serve as a true regional security institution. Singapore was chosen as the location for the initial conference and with the Shangri-La Hotel as the venue.<ref name="report5" /> Chipman approached Singapore President [[SR Nathan]] in February 2001 to propose the idea, and Nathan offered to provide IDSS support until the IISS could run the conference independently. The idea was brought forward to the [[Cabinet of Singapore]] and was approved to be supported by the Ministry of Defence.<ref>((cite web |title=The Asahi Shimbun |url=http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201106300202.html |url-status= |accessdate=2 June 2018 |website=The Asahi Shimbun))</ref>((Dead link|date=April 2023))

In 2004, the IISS Asia office was opened to allow IISS to organize the summit independently.<ref>((Cite book |last=Conley Tyler |first=Melissa |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1096236756 |title=Think tank diplomacy |date=2017 |publisher= |others=Rhea Matthews, Emma Brockhurst |year=2017 |isbn=978-90-04-33121-1 |location=Leiden |pages=61 |oclc=1096236756))</ref>

=== 2000s ===
[[File:Timothy J. Keating Jerry Mateparae 090529-N-HP196-001.jpg|thumb|[[Timothy J. Keating]] and [[Jerry Mateparae]] discussing mutual defense issues at the Shangri-La Dialogue in 2009]]Initiated in 2002, it was an "unofficial defence summit'" which allowed defence officials to meet "privately and in confidence, bilaterally and multilaterally, without the obligation to produce a formal statement or communique".<ref>((Cite web |last=Cossa |first=Ralph A. |date=2002-08-02 |title=International Institute for Strategic Studies Taipei Times - Asian multilateralism |url=https://www.iiss.org/conferences/the-shangri-la-dialogue/press-coverage/press-coverage-2002/taipei-times---asian-multilateralism/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314025302/https://www.iiss.org/conferences/the-shangri-la-dialogue/press-coverage/press-coverage-2002/taipei-times---asian-multilateralism/ |archive-date=2012-03-14 |access-date=2023-04-04 ))</ref> About a dozen deputy ministers and ministerial representatives attended the inaugural summit (then known as the Asia Security Conference), including a US delegation led by US Deputy Defence Secretary [[Paul Wolfowitz]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.iiss.org/conferences/the-shangri-la-dialogue/press-coverage/press-coverage-2002/the-straits-times---need-for-a-network/|title=IISS|website=www.iiss.org|accessdate=2 June 2018))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.iiss.org/conferences/the-shangri-la-dialogue/press-coverage/press-coverage-2002/taipei-times---asian-multilateralism/|title=Regional Security: Different Targets|author=Ralph A Cossa |publisher=Far Eastern Economic Review|date=2 August 2002))</ref> The first summit was organized in six plenary sessions lasting for one and a half days.

In 2003, the second summit expanded its invitation list to include chiefs of defence staff, and permanent or under secretaries of defence ministries. The agenda this year was organized around five plenary sessions supplemented by two simultaneous off-the-record 'break-out groups'.<ref name="report5">((cite book |title=The Shangri-La Dialogue: The 5th Anniversary IISS Asia Security Conference |author=5th Dialogue report |publisher=The International Institute for Strategic Studies |year=2006 |location=p11-19))</ref>

In 2004, the invitation list was again further expanded to include participating countries' most senior intelligence and the police and national security officials of some countries. The number of break-out groups was increased to three. 

In 2005, Pakistan was represented for the first time.

In 2006, the number of delegations had risen to 23 countries, with 17 being led by their respective defence ministers, and another 3 by deputy defence ministers or equivalent.

The 2007 iteration of the SLD was a landmark meeting as it attracted top-level participation from China. The Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army (with the status of Vice-Minister) Lieutenant-General [[Zhang Qinsheng]], led Beijing's delegation that year. Subsequently, in 2008, Vietnam and Myanmar elevated their representation to deputy minister level. Then in 2009, Vietnam was represented at full ministerial status with General [[Phung Quang Thanh]] leading its delegation.

In 2008, Laos was represented for the first time. Notably despite the natural disasters in their respective countries, Myanmar and China were led by high-level officers, Deputy Minister of Defence, Major-General [[Aye Myint]] for Myanmar and Deputy Chief of the General Staff, Lieutenant-General [[Ma Xiaotian]] for China. The number of plenary sessions increased from five to six, while the number of break-out groups increased from three to six.<ref name="report6">((cite book |author=7th Dialogue report |title=The Shangri-La Dialogue: The 7th IISS Asia Security Conference |publisher=The International Institute for Strategic Studies |year=2008 |pages=5))</ref>

In 2009, Australian Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] was the first head of government other than Singapore to address the summit's opening dinner. It is also known that Singapore and Australia signed a memorandum of agreement on the sidelines of the 2009 summit allowing Singapore's armed forces access to Australian training facilities for a further decade.

=== 2010s ===
In the 2010 summit, President of the Republic of Korea, [[Lee Myung-Bak]], was the first head of state to make the keynote speech at the summit. Other notable delegations include the Russian delegation, led by Deputy Prime Minister (and former defence minister) [[Sergei Ivanov]], and the Chilean delegation, led by Minister of Defence [[:es:Jaime Ravinet|Jaime Ravinet de la Fuente]]. Despite Japanese Prime Minister [[Yukio Hatoyama]]'s resignation the day before the SLD, his successor, Prime Minister [[Naoto Kan]], ensured that Minister of Defense [[Toshimi Kitazawa]] could attend and speak in a plenary session at the SLD. US Defence Secretary [[Robert Gates]] made his fourth SLD appearance and China's Lieutenant-General [[Ma Xiaotian]], Deputy Chief of the General Staff led a strong delegation from China's People's Liberation Army.

In June 2011, there was a marked shift in the debate towards non-traditional security issues as well as on the South China Sea.<ref>((cite web|author=Sheryn Lee |url=http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/06/24/the-tenth-shangri-la-dialogue/|title=The tenth Shangri-La Dialogue|date=24 June 2011 ))</ref><ref>((cite web|author=Yoichi Kato |url=http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201106300202.html|title=Tony Tan, ex-Singapore deputy PM: Shangri-La Dialogue a success))</ref> Malaysian Prime Minister [[Najib Razak|Najib]] in his keynote address mentioned new multilaterism to deal with security challenges to the region includes people smuggling, drug trafficking, terrorism and nuclear proliferation.<ref name="pd"/> China was represented at the summit for the first time at full ministerial level. [[Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Defence Minister]] General [[Liang Guanglie]] indicated China's peaceful rise in the region and willingness to work with neighbouring countries to resolve competing claims to disputed territorial claims in the South China Sea.<ref name="pd"/><ref name="reuters">((cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-singapore-defence-idUSTRE7530O920110605|title=China says will not threaten anyone with modern military|date=5 June 2011 |author= Kevin Lim|author2=Charmian Kok |author3=John Ruwitch |author4=Sanjeev Miglani |author5=Robert Birsel |publisher=Reuters))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/818d8624-8f8e-11e0-954d-00144feab49a.html#axzz1Oevy8gpM|title=Cordiality hides undercurrent at Asian summit|date=5 June 2011 |author=Kathrin Hille|author2=Demetri Sevastopulo |publisher=The Financial Times Ltd.))</ref>

The United States reiterated its commitment to the Asia Pacific region despite having budgetary constraints, wars and a waning domestic economy.<ref name="pd">((cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90780/91343/7403599.html|title=Cold War mentality hinders peace in Asia-Pacific |author=Dan De Luce |publisher=AFP|date=8 June 2011))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iIiwf5bQxPlPw3JZgHucDG40Kjeg?docId=CNG.d2e32a0dd0fd2fcb6d84cd7f4ba7e8ae.c1|title=Gates vows new weapons for US role in Asia))</ref> Outgoing US defence secretary [[Robert Gates]] said he will bet anyone $100 that in the next five years US influence will be strong if not stronger than today.<ref>((cite web|url=http://australianetwork.com/newsline/|title=Shangri-La Dialogue|author=Gavin Fang|publisher=Australia Network, ABC|date=6 June 2011))</ref> The United States has always been seen as the preeminent power in the Pacific Rim and now has to accommodate an emerging China to help maintain stability and security in the region.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/usa/opinion/2011-06/08/content_12655403.htm|title=Exchanges will build trust |date=8 June 2011|author=Tao Wenzhao|publisher=China Daily))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsgeneral.php?id=591436|title=Asean Eyes Constructive Relations With China, India - Najib|date=3 June 2011|author=BERNAMA|publisher=BERNAMA))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newspolitic.php?id=591496|title=Champion In Defence Diplomacy Makes Najib Opening Speaker Of Shangri-La Dialogue|date=4 June 2011|author=BERNAMA|publisher=BERNAMA))</ref>

In 2017, the 16th SLD was held from 2–4 June 2017.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri-la-dialogue/about-s-shangri-la-s-dialogue|title=About the IISS Shangri-La Dialogue|website=www.iiss.org|accessdate=2 June 2018))</ref>[[File:CJCS Attends Shangri-La Dialogue PB383 (35011925936).jpg|thumb|[[Jim Mattis]] and [[Lee Hsien Loong]] discussing military relations between their two countries at the Shangri-La Dialogue in 2017]]In 2018, the 17th SLD was held from 1–3 June 2018.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri-la-dialogue|title=IISS|website=www.iiss.org|accessdate=2 June 2018|archive-date=9 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609141211/https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri-la-dialogue|url-status=dead))</ref>

The 18th SLD was held in June 2018 and has the most participants to date from nearly 50 countries and territories.<ref name=":2">((Cite web |title=18th Shangri-La Dialogue opens in Singapore |url=http://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/520750/18th-shangri-la-dialogue-opens-in-singapore.html |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=vietnamnews.vn |language=en))</ref> The dialogue was opened by Singapore Prime Minister, Lee Hsien Loong. Six plenary sessions were held and other special sessions on maritime security, defence, industrial development and defence co-operation<ref name=":2" />

=== 2020s ===
The 19th SLD, which was originally scheduled for 5–7 June 2020, was postponed to 2021 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore]]. It was further postponed to 2022 as the pandemic was still ongoing in Singapore.<ref name=":0">((Cite web |title=Update on the 2020 IISS Shangri-La Dialogue: Asia Security Summit |url=https://www.iiss.org/press/2020/sld-2020-update |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=IISS |language=en))</ref>

The 19th SLD was held on 10-12 June 2022 after a two-year hiatus.<ref name=":0" /><ref>((Cite web |last=Auto |first=Hermes |date=2022-06-09 |title=Shangri-La Dialogue resumes in S'pore, Ukraine president Zelensky to give special address ((!)) The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/shangri-la-dialogue-resumes-in-spore-as-us-china-frictions-loom-over-security-meet |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en))</ref><ref name=":1">((Cite web |title=China must decide for itself if attending Shangri-La Dialogue adds value: Ng Eng Hen |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/china-must-decide-value-shangri-la-dialogue-attendance-ng-eng-hen-2743496 |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=CNA |language=en))</ref> Japan's Prime Minister, [[Fumio Kishida]], was a keynote speaker,<ref>((Cite news |last1=Lin |first1=Chen |last2=Ali |first2=Idrees |date=2022-06-10 |title=At Asia security summit, Japan vows to boost regional security role |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/asia-security-summit-japan-vows-boost-regional-security-role-2022-06-10/ |access-date=2022-06-16))</ref> while the Minister of National Defense for China, General [[Wei Fenghe]], addressed and was questioned by an audience over China’s vision for regional order.<ref name="iisswei">((cite news |title=IISS Shangri-La Dialogue 2022: China's vision for regional order |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91mfXWBgKL4 |agency=YouTube |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=12 June 2022))</ref> Representatives from 42 countries which included 37 ministerial-level delegates and more than 30 senior defence officials attended the summit.<ref name=":1" /> [[Ukraine]] President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] made a virtual address to the Summit on 11 June.<ref>((Cite web |title=Watch: Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy speaks at Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/ukraine-volodymyr-zelenskyy-virtual-address-shangri-la-dialogue-2741146 |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=CNA |language=en))</ref>

==Format==

===Plenary sessions===
Each summit typically is opened by a keynote address, historically given by a prominent Singaporean figure. Beginning in 2009, a head of state or head of government has delivered the keynote address. Australian Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] in 2009, the President of the Republic of Korea [[Lee Myung-Bak]] in 2010, and Malaysian Prime Minister Dato' Sri [[Najib Razak|Najib Tun Razak]] in 2011 respectively delivered the opening speech. Five plenary sessions are held across the remaining two days of the summit where all participants are expected to be present. These on-record sessions are usually led by a minister only and the press are invited to report on them. By 2006, plenary speaking slots are allocated only to ministers from a delegation.

===Break-out groups===
Introduced by the second summit in 2003, break-out groups are held concurrently with each other and allow more open discussion between participants on specific issues. These sessions also ensure that sufficient time is available during the summit for ministers to hold bilateral meetings. The break-out groups are strictly off-the-record so that officials could advance policy goals more freely. The break-out groups are usually chaired by a senior IISS staff member. By 2006, break-out group speaking slots are allocated only to ministers or senior officials from a delegation.<ref name="report5" />

===Bilateral meetings===
While largely unpublicised, the Shangri-La Dialogues provide an annual venue for ministers, [[Chief of Defence|CHODs]], and top defence officials to network and expand their defence diplomacy in private, bilaterally and multilaterally. Rooms are reserved for the meetings to take place during breaks. A government delegation might typically arrange 15-20 such encounters, lasting half an hour each, over the course of the summit. Singapore's defence minister usually also hosts multilateral private lunches.

===Non-Government delegates===
The summit has been consistently attended by a mix of 200-plus non-government delegates, which include politicians, academics, businessmen, think tank analysts, media and other NGO personnel. This has given the SLD an aspect of a [[Track two diplomacy|Track Two]] process, even though it is primarily a Track One event. Taylor notes that there are limited opportunities for interaction between non-government and government representatives.<ref name="Btaylor" /> The inclusion of non-government delegates is the result of dynamic efforts being made so that the SLD does not become an "exclusive club".<ref name="Btaylor" />

==Impact==
Shangri-La has contributed to the enhancement of [[Defence Diplomacy|defence diplomacy]]((fact|date=June 2022)) by participating countries, in part by inspiring similar forums in other regions (e.g. the [[Halifax International Security Forum]]).

The 2010 Chinese Defence White paper explicitly mentioned senior Chinese participation in Shangri-La Dialogue since 2007 as one of their forums of participation in regional security cooperation.<ref>((cite web|author=Wang Guanqun, Ed. |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-03/31/c_13806851_36.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504074132/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-03/31/c_13806851_36.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 May 2011|title=China's National Defense in 2010 |date=31 March 2011))</ref> The IISS thinks that increased representation from China indicate an increased level of engagement on a multilateral level and that the PLA wished to improve its image after recent measures, which were seen as too aggressive, impacted relations with affected countries.<ref name="thecable">((cite web|author=Josh Rogin and Philip Walker. |url=http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/06/01/us_and_china_set_for_military_talks_in_singapore|title=U.S. and China set for military talks in Singapore|date=1 June 2011))</ref>

==See also==
* [[Defence Diplomacy]]
* [[Munich Security Conference]]
* [[ASEAN Regional Forum]]
* [[Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific]]
* [[Shangri-La Shooting]], 2015
* [[Raisina Dialogue]]

==References==

===Footnotes===
((reflist|2))

===Bibliography===
*David Capie and Brendan Taylor, 'The Shangri-La Dialogue and the Institutionalization of Defence Diplomacy in Asia' (25 March 2010). Available at SSRN: [http://ssrn.com/abstract=1632862 The Shangri-La Dialogue and the Institutionalization of Defence Diplomacy in Asia]
*Fu-kuo Liu, 'Implication of ‘Shangri-La Dialogue’ for Taiwan', Strategic and Security Analyses, Vol.38 (June 2008). [In Chinese]

==External links==
((Commons category|Shangri-La Dialogue))
* [http://www.iiss.org/conferences/the-shangri-la-dialogue The IISS Shangri-La Dialogue (Official site)]
((portalbar|Singapore))

[[Category:2002 establishments in Singapore]]
[[Category:Political congresses]]
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in Singapore]]
[[Category:21st-century diplomatic conferences (Asia-Pacific)]]
[[Category:International military conferences]]
[[Category:June events]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2002]]

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Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Multiple image (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/s (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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