Following the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, Manabendra Narayan Larma founded the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti (PCJSS) on 15 February 1972, seeking to build an organization representing all the tribal peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Larma was elected to the BangladeshJatiya Sangsad, the national legislature of Bangladesh as a candidate of the PCJSS in 1973.[4] When Larma's continued efforts to make the government recognize the rights of the tribal peoples through political discussions had failed,[5] Larma and the PCJSS began organizing the Shanti Bahini (Peace Corps), an armed force operating in the Hill Tracts area. It was formed in 1972 and fought for many years against the government.[6]
Members of Shanti Bahini in Khagrachari on 5 May 1994.
Shanti Bahini began attacking Bangladesh Army convoys in 1977.[7] They carried out kidnappings and extortion.[8][9][10] Larma subsequently went into hiding from government security forces.[8][10] Factionalism within the PCJS weakened Larma's standing and he was assassinated on 10 November 1983.[8][10] On 23 June 1981 the Shanti Bahini attacked a camp of Bangladesh rifles, killing 13 people. They later captured and executed 24 members of the Bangladesh rifles.[11]
Massacres
In the 1980s the Government of Bangladesh started to provide land for thousands of landless Bengali . Many Bengali were forced to move to secure regions because of the insurgency, abandoning their land to the tribal communities.[12] On 31 May, 1984 Shanti Bahini members allegedly killed 400 people in Bhushanchhara.[13][14] On 29 April 1986, Shanti Bahini massacred 19 Bengali.[15][16] On 26 June 1989 the Shanti Bahini burned down villages where inhabitants had voted in Bangladeshi elections.[17] In 1996 Shanti Bahini abducted and killed 30 Bengalis.[18] On 9 September 1996, the Shanti Bahini massacred a group of Bengali lumberjacks, who were under the impression they'd been called to a meeting.[19] Members of Shanti Bahini extracted some four million dollars from the local population in the name of toll collection.[20]
Peace Accord
On 2 December 1997, the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord was signed between the government and the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti and the Shanti Bahini promsied to abandon militancy.[21] Members of Shanti Bahini surrendered their weapons in a stadium in Khagrachari. The treaty saw the lifting of nighttime curfew and the return of 50 thousand refugees.[22] However, some members opposed to the peace deal formed a dissident group.[23] Some of those who opposed the peace treaty formed the United People's Democratic Front as an alternate to the PCJSS.[24] The treaty was also criticised by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party[25] and has not been fully implemented.[26] Some members of Shanti Bahini became police officers after the peace treaty. In August 2014 Indian Border Security Forces arrested members of Shanti Bahini, two Bangladeshi Chakmas and three Indian national Chakmas with weapons in Mizoram.[27]
After the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the removal of Bangladesh Awami League from in 1975,[28] India provided support and shelter to the members of Shanti Bahini.[29][30][31] Members of Shanti Bahini were trained in Chakrata, India.[32][33]
^Haque, Azizul (February 1981). "Bangladesh in 1980: Strains and Stresses -- Opposition in the Doldrums". Asian Survey. 21 (2): 190. doi:10.2307/2643764. JSTOR2643764.
^Panday, Pranab Kumar; Jamil, Ishtiaq (2015). "Conflict in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh: An Unimplemented Accord and Continued Violence". In Chima, Jugdep S. (ed.). Ethnic Subnationalist Insurgencies in South Asia: Identities, Interests and Challenges to State Authority. Routledge. p. 157. ISBN978-1-138-83992-2.
PCJSS
India
Myanmar
Bangladesh
