| Shantinatha | |
|---|---|
 The 12th century idol of Tirthankara Shantinatha at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya | |
| Venerated in | Jainism |
| Predecessor | Dharmanatha |
| Successor | Kunthunatha |
| Symbol | Deer or Antelope |
| Height | 40 bows (120 metres) (393.701 feet) |
| Age | over 700,000 years |
| Tree | Nandi tree. |
| Color | Golden |
| Personal information | |
| Born | |
| Died | |
| Parents |
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| Spouse | Yaśomatī |
| Dynasty | Ikshvaku dynasty |
| Part of a series on |
| Jainism |
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Śāntinātha (Sanskrit: शान्तिनाथ) or Śānti is the sixteenth Tīrthaṅkara of Jainism in the present age (Avasarpini).[2] According to traditional accounts, he was born to King Vishvasena and Queen Aćira of the Ikshvaku dynasty in the north Indian city of Hastinapur. His birth date is the thirteenth day of the Jyest Krishna month of the Indian calendar. He was also a Chakravarti and a Kamadeva. He ascended to the throne when he was 25 years old. After over 25,000 years on the throne, he became a Jain monk and started his penance.
After his renunciation, the legends state Shantinatha travelled without food and sleep and after sixteen years received his first ahara (food) after achieving kevala jnana. He attained Moksha on Sammed Shikharji and became a siddha, a liberated soul which has destroyed all of its karma.
Along with Rishabhanatha, Neminatha, Parshvanatha and Mahavira, Shantinatha is one of the five Tirthankaras who attract the most devotional worship among the Jains. His icons include the eponymous deer as his emblem, the Nandi tree, Garuda Yaksha, and Nirvani Yakshi.
Śhāntinātha is believed to be an idea of peace and tranquillity, hence prayed to avert calamities and epidemics and bestows welfare to worshippers and hymns to Śhāntinātha are recited during the last rites.
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See also: Panch Kalyanaka |
According to Jain cosmology, 24 Tirthankaras have appeared on earth; Shantinatha is the sixteenth tirthankara of Avasarpiṇī (the present time cycle).[2][note 1] A Tirthankara (ford-maker, saviour or spiritual teacher) signifies the founding of a tirtha, a passage across the sea of birth-and-death cycles.[4][5]
He was born to King Vishvasena and Queen Achira at Hastinapur on the 13th day of Jestha Krishna in the Ikshvaku clan.[6] Before the birth of Shantinatha, Queen Achira dreamt the sixteen most auspicious dreams.[7] According to Acharya Hemachandra, epidemics, evils and misery were destroyed when Shantinatha was in his mother's womb. According to Jain tradition, Indra named him Śhānti due to Jina's love for peace.[6]
Shantinatha spent 25,000 years as a youth (kumāra kāla) and married a beautiful princess Yaśomatī.[8][7][9] Jain texts portray Shantinatha as tall; his height was given as 120 feet (37 m).[10] He ruled his kingdom for 50,000 years.[11] During his rule, armoury was blessed with divine chakraratna. During his reign he conquered all six divisions of the earth in all directions, acquiring elephants, horses, nine-fold most precious treasures and fourteen ratna (jewels). Shantinatha became the fifth Chakravartin.[8][12][9]
During his time, an epidemic of epilepsy broke out and he helped to control it.[9] Shantinath became the idea of peace and tranquillity by averting epidemics, fire, famine, foreign invasions, robbers, etc., giving him the name of Shantinath. He is also associated with special right to ward of diseases known as Shantikarma.[13][14]
Shantinatha, when made aware of his previous incarnations, renounced his worldly life and became a Jain ascetic.[12] According to Jain texts, Shantinatha neither slept nor ate during his penance and meditated under nandi tree. After his sixteen years of asceticism, on the ninth bright day of the month of Pausha (December–January), he achieved kevala jnana .[13]
After achieving kevala jnana he visited Somanasapur, and was offered first ahara (food) by King Dharma Mitra and his wife.[15]
He is said to have lived 1 lakh (100,000) years and spent many years spreading his knowledge.[8] On the 13th day of the dark half of the month Jyestha (May–June), he attained nirvana at Sammed Shikharji,[13][12][note 2] known contemporaneously as the Parasnath Hills in northern Jharkhand.[18]
The yaksha and yakshi of Shantinatha are Kimpurusha and Mahamanasi according to Digambara tradition and Garuda and Nirvani according to Śvētāmbara tradition.[13]
According to Jain texts, Cakrayudha Svami was the leader of the Shantinatha disciples.[12][6]
Śhāntinātha being an idea of peace and tranquillity, it is believed that chanting the name Śhāntinātha averts calamities and epidemics and bestows welfare to worshippers.[24] In Shvetambar, Nirvāṉi, the yakshi of Śhāntinātha, is also associated with Shantinatha as Śhānti-devī in prayers for peace.[13] During the last rites, recitation of Namokar Mantra and hymns to the Jina and Śhāntinātha are performed.[25]
Shanti Snaatra Puja is a special prayer for universal peace and the welfare of all living beings. During the prayer, offerings are made 27 or 108 times to Shantinatha.[26] The Laghnu-Shanti-stavaa, compiled by Manadeva suri in the 7th century, is a hymn to Shantinatha full of tantric usage and identify Shantinatha as Siva, the Lord of Shanta.[27] According to Jinaprabha Suri, the temples dedicated to Shantinatha existed in Kishkindha, Lanka and Trikuta.[13]
According to Santistava compiled by Acharya Manadevasuri, the head of Shvetambar in the third century, mere recitation of Shantinath negates all bad omens, brings peace and protects devotees from problems.[28] Santistava is considered[by whom?] one of the four most beautifully written stavans (hymn[29][30]).[31] Jinastotrāņi is a collection of hymn dedicated to Shantinatha along with Munisuvrata, Chandraprabha, Neminatha, Mahavira, Parshvanatha and Rishabhanatha.[32]
Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra praises the twenty-four tirthankaras, and its eight shlokas (songs) adore Shantinatha.[33] One such shloka reads:
First, Lord Śhāntinātha Jina, for a long period of time, wielded supremacy as a king and provided protection to his subject from enemies; later on, on his own, became an ascetic and, as the embodiment of benevolence, pacified evil tendencies.
— Svayambhūstotra (16-1-76)[34]
The Shantinatha Charitra, by Acharya Ajitprabhasuri in 14th century, describes the life of the 16th Jain Tirthankara Shantinatha. This text is the oldest example of miniature painting and has been declared as a global treasure by UNESCO.[35] * Santyastaka is a hymn in praise of Śāntinātha composed by Acharya Pujyapada in the fifth century.[36] Shantipurana, written around the 10th century by Sri Ponna, is considered to be one of the three gems of Kannada literature.[37][38][39]
Ajitasanti or Ajita-Śhānti-stava composed by Acharya Nandisena, a seventh century Jain monk, a famous Shvetambar hymn, has alternate verses praising Ajitnatha and Shantinatha.[40][13] Mahapurusha Charitra, compiled by Merutunga in the 13th—14th centuries, talks about Shantinatha.[41] Santikara was compiled by Munisundarasuri in the 15th century.[42]
Shantinatha is usually depicted in a sitting or standing meditative posture with the symbol of a deer or antelope beneath him.[43][44] Every tīrthankara has a distinguishing emblem that allows worshippers to distinguish similar-looking idols of the tirthankaras.[45][46][47] The deer or antelope emblem of Shantinath is usually carved below the legs of the tirthankara. Like all tirthankaras, Shantinath is depicted with Shrivatsa[note 5] and downcast eyes.[48]
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In 2016, the tallest statue of Shantinatha, with a height of 54 feet (16 m), was erected in Ajmer.[49] The 32-foot (9.8 m) statue of Shantinath at Prachin Bada Mandir, Hastinapur and Shantinath Jinalaya, Shri Mahavirji. Aggalayya Gutta in Warangal has a 30-foot (9.1 m) image carved in 11th century CE.[50] The 22.5-foot (6.9 m) statue of Shantinath at Bhojpur Jain Temple.
Aharji enshrines a 22-foot (6.7 m) idol installed in 1180 CE.[51] Shantinatha basadi, Halebidu houses a 18 feet (5.5 m) idol.[52] Naugaza Digambar Jain temple in Alwar has 17.5-foot (5.3 m) colossi dated 922 CE.[53] The 15-foot (4.6 m) image at Shantinatha temple, Khajuraho and Shantinath Basadi, Chandragiri.[54] The 12.5-foot (3.8 m) statue in Bahuriband and Pawagiri, built in the 12th century.[55][56]
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Along with Rishabhanatha, Neminatha, Parshvanatha and Mahavira, Shantinatha is one of the five Tirthankaras who attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.[57] Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. Hastinapur, for example, is a hilly part of Uttar Pradesh, which is believed to have been a place of Shantinath, along with Aranatha and Kunthunath.[58][59] Important Shantinatha temple complexes include Shantinatha Temple in Khajuraho (UNESCO World Heritage Site) Shantinatha temple, Halebidu, Prachin Bada Mandir, Hastinapur, Shantinath Temple in Deogarh, Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura, Shantinath Jain Teerth, Aharji Jain Teerth, Shantinath Jain temple, Kothara, Odegal basadi, Pavagiri Tirth, Kanch Mandir of Indore and Shantinath Jain Temple in Leicester, United Kingdom.[60]
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