Shanxi clique
晉系

Active	1911–1937
Disbanded	1949
Country	Republic of China
Allegiance	Beiyang government Nationalist government (1927–1929; 1930–1949)
Type	Warlord clique
Engagements	Bai Lang Rebellion Northern Expedition Central Plains War Battle of Taiyuan
Commanders
Warlord	Yan Xishan

The Shanxi clique, also known as the Jin clique (Jin being the abbreviated name of Shanxi; Chinese: 晉系; pinyin: Jìn Xì), was one of several military factions that split off from the Beiyang Army during China's warlord era.

History

Yuan Shikai, after assuming presidency, installed Yan Xishan as the governor of Shanxi.^[1] After Yuan's death, Yan consolidated his control over Shanxi and ruled there.^[2] He waited for almost one year before expelling Yuan's supporters out of Shanxi.^[3]

Though a close associate of Duan Qirui, leader of the Anhui clique, Yan Xishan did not join the Anhui clique. He kept his province neutral from the various civil wars the nation was facing, although he would fight troops from other cliques if they encroached upon the provincial boundaries. In 1927, faced with the overwhelming forces of the National Revolutionary Army, the Fengtian clique issued an ultimatum to Yan to join their side. Yan joined the NRA instead, and drove Fengtian armies from Beijing. As a reward, the Kuomintang allowed the Shanxi clique to expand all the way to the sea at Hebei and Shandong. Displeased with the dictatorship of Chiang Kai-shek, the Shanxi clique together with several other cliques launched the Central Plains War, but was defeated.^[1] The clique was significantly weakened by the Japanese invasion which occupied most of their base province. After the war, Yan was unable to defend his province, which fell to the Communists in 1949.

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b Wang 1998, p. 399.
^ Spence 1997, p. 406.
^ Gillin 1967, p. 21.

Sources

Wang, Ke-wen (1998). Modern China: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-0720-4.
Spence, Jonathan D. (1997). The Search for Modern China. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-97351-8.
Gillin, Donald G. (1967). Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province 1911–1949. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-06-91650-13-5.

Warlord Era and warlordism during the Nanjing decade

1915–1924

1925–1934

Factions

1911–1914	Bai Lang Rebellion
1913	Second Revolution
1915	Twenty-One Demands
1915–1916	Empire of China (Yuan Shikai) National Protection War
1916	Death of Yuan Shikai
1917	Manchu Restoration
1917–1922	Constitutional Protection Movement
1917–1929	Golok rebellions
1918–1920	Siberian intervention
1919	Paris Peace Conference Shandong Problem May Fourth Movement
1919–1921	Occupation of Outer Mongolia
1920	Zhili–Anhui War
1920–1921	Guangdong–Guangxi War
1920–1926	Spirit Soldier rebellions
1921	1st National CPC Congress
1921–1922	Washington Naval Conference
1922	First Zhili–Fengtian War
1923–1927	First United Front
1923	Lincheng Outrage
1924	Second Zhili–Fengtian War Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising Beijing Coup

1925	Yunnan–Guangxi War May Thirtieth Movement
1925–1926	Anti-Fengtian War Canton–Hong Kong strike
1926	Zhongshan Warship Incident
1926–1928	Northern Expedition Nanjing–Wuhan Split Nationalist-Communist Civil War
1927	Nanking incident of 1927
1927	Shanghai Commune of 1927
1927	Shanghai massacre
1927	July 15 Incident
1927–1930	Muslim conflict in Gansu
1928	Jinan incident Huanggutun incident Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum Northeast Flag Replacement
1928–1929	Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
1929	Chiang-Gui War Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong (incl. Beijing Revolt) Sino-Soviet conflict
1930	Central Plains War
1930–1932	Sino-Tibetan War / Qinghai–Tibet War
1931–1935	Kumul Rebellion / Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
1932	Han–Liu War
1932	Two-Liu war
1934	War in Ningxia