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((Short description|Emir of Afghanistan (r. 1863–66 and 1868–79)))
((Use dmy dates|date=September 2021))
((redirect|Shir Ali Khan|the village in Iran|Shir Ali Khan, Iran|the Khan of [[Kokand]]|Shir Ali Khan (Kokand)))((More citations needed|date=September 2021))((Infobox monarch
| name         = Sher Ali Khan<br>((lang|fa|((nq|شیر علی خان))))
| title        = [[Emir of Afghanistan]]
| image        = Sher Ali Khan of Afghanistan in 1869.jpg
| image_size   = 200px
| caption      = Amir Sher Ali Khan in 1869
| succession   = [[Emir of Afghanistan]]
| reign        = 9 June 1863 – 21 February 1879
| coronation   = 
| full name    = Sher Ali Khan Barakzai
| predecessor  = [[Dost Mohammad Khan]]
| successor    = [[Mohammad Yaqub Khan]]
| religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]
| spouse       = [[Mirmon Ayesha]]
| issue        = 
| royal house  = 
| dynasty      = [[Barakzai (tribes)|Barakzai dynasty]]
| father       = [[Dost Mohammed Khan]]
| mother       = [[Bibi (title)|Bibi]] Khadija [[Begum]]<ref 
name=afghans16>((cite book |last=Vogelsang|first= Willem|title=The Afghans|year=2002 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & SOns, Ltd, UK.|location=London|isbn=978-1-4051-8243-0|chapter=16-War with Britain|pages=257|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&pg=PA257))</ref>
| birth_date   = 1825
| birth_place  = [[Kabul]], [[Emirate of Afghanistan]]
| death_date   = 21 February 1879 (age 53 or 54)
| death_place  = [[Mazar-e Sharif]], [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
| date of burial = 
| place of burial = [[Shrine of Hazrat Ali|Blue Mosque]], [[Mazar-i-Sharif]], [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]|
))
'''Sher Ali Khan''' (((Lang-fa|((nq|شیر علی خان)))); c. 1825 &ndash; 21 February 1879) was [[Amir]] of [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] from 1863 to 1866 and from 1868 until his death in 1879. He was one of the sons of [[Dost Mohammed Khan]],<ref>((cite book|last=Dupree|first=Louis|author-link=Louis Dupree (professor)|title=Afghanistan|publisher=Oxford Pakistan Paperbacks|edition=2nd|year=1997|isbn=978-0-19-577634-8|page=403))</ref> founder of the [[Barakzai dynasty]] in Afghanistan.

==Life==
Sher Ali Khan was born into a [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] [[Barakzai]] family, Initially he seized power when his father died, but was quickly ousted by his older brother, [[Mohammad Afzal Khan]]. [[Afghan Civil War (1863-1869)|Internecine warfare followed]] until Sher Ali Khan defeated his brother and regained the title of Emir. 

=== Reforms ===
Sher Ali Khan's reign as Amir is often remembered for his attempts at reforming Barakzai rule in Afghanistan. Changes brought during the period of Sher Ali Khan's rule include the creation of governmental posts, military reform, the introduction of the first postal service in Afghanistan and the first attempts of an Afghan leader at promoting the Pashto language. 

Sher Ali Khan tried to limit the power of the [[Barakzai]] sardars.<ref>((Cite web|title=Afghanistan, A Study in Internal Political Developments, 1880-1896 – Kakar History Foundation|url=https://www.kakarfoundation.com/book/afghanistan-a-study-in-internal-political-developments-1880-1896/|access-date=2021-12-04|language=en-US))</ref> He didn't allow his sons to administer provinces and instead appointed governors loyal to him.<ref name=":0">((Cite book|last=Bizhan|first=Nematullah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNEwDwAAQBAJ&dq=shere+ali+khan&pg=PT96|title=Aid Paradoxes in Afghanistan: Building and Undermining the State|date=2017-08-14|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-69265-6|language=en))</ref> He also had a council of 12 members to advise him on matters of state. He created various ministerial offices like Prime Minister (Sadr-i Azam/صدر اعظم), minister of finance, minister of the interior, minister of war, minister of foreign affairs, and minister of the treasury.<ref name=":0" /> 

Under Sher Ali Khan's reign, Afghanistan was divided into 5 provinces: Kabul, Herat, Afghan Turkestan, Kandahar, and Farah.<ref>((Cite web|title=Government and Society in Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Abd Al-Rahman Khan – Kakar History Foundation|url=https://www.kakarfoundation.com/book/government-and-society-in-afghanistan-the-reign-of-amir-abd-al-rahman-khan/|access-date=2021-12-04|language=en-US))</ref> Formerly Farah had been subject to Herat, but instead he made it a separate province and gave it to his cousin, Sardar Mohammad Afzal (not to be confused with [[Mohammad Afzal Khan]]).

During his reign, Sher Ali Khan embarked on a project to modernise his armed forces, standardising uniforms and equipment. After being gifted a battery of [[Mountain gun|mountain guns]] and several [[Howitzer|howitzers]] by the [[British Empire|British]] in 1868, Sher Ali realised the potential of [[Breechloader|breech-loading]] artillery and was determined to modernise [[Afghanistan]]'s arsenal. Whilst his early attempts failed, Sher Ali's craftsmen had soon established new workshops at the [[Bala Hissar, Kabul|Bala Hissar Arsenal]] and began to produce four to five modern breechloaders each month. Despite his successes in producing relatively modern weapons and equipment, a lack of competent officers and poor discipline meant the new cannons were quickly captured by the [[British Empire|British]] during the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]. British forces captured more than 250 guns from the Afghans during their campaign.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Jenzen-Jones |first1=N.R. |last2=Shanley |first2=Jack |title=Hubris or haplessness? The modernisation and loss of Afghanistan's artillery, 1869–79 |journal=Journal of the Ordnance Society |date=2021 |volume=28 |pages=90–96))</ref>

Sher Ali Khan's rule was hindered by pressure from both the [[British Empire]] and the [[Russian Empire]], though Sher Ali Khan attempted to keep [[Afghanistan]] neutral during their conflict. His neutrality resulted in Afghanistan being invaded by the [[British Empire|British]] which started the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]. This war resulted in a British victory and a devastating loss to Afghanistan as Sher Ali Khan was forced to give away a large amount of territory to [[British Raj|British India]] including the city of [[Quetta]]. In 1878, the fragile neutrality fell apart with Sher Ali Khan's resisting of British demands for Afghanistan to accept a permanent envoy in Kabul. The British viewing this as confirmation of Sher Ali Khan's inclination towards Russia, gathered their forces and marched on [[Kabul]]. Sher Ali Khan opted to leave Kabul in order to seek political and military aid from the Russian Empire. He died in [[Mazar-e Sharif]] trying to reach the [[Russian Empire|Russian]] border, leaving the throne to his son [[Mohammad Yaqub Khan]].

== See also ==
*[[Great Game]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

== External links ==
((Commons category|Sher Ali Khan))
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070812040420/http://www.zmong-afghanistan.com/profiles/sher-ali.asp Profile: Amir Sher Ali Khan]

((s-start))
((s-reg))
((succession box 
| title = [[Barakzai dynasty]]<br>[[List of leaders of Afghanistan|Emir of Afghanistan]] 
| years = 9 June 1863 – 1866 
| before = [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] 
| after = [[Mohammad Afzal Khan]]
))
((succession box 
| title = Barakzai dynasty<br>Emir of Afghanistan 
| years = 7 October 1868 – 21 February 1879 
| before = [[Mohammad Azam Khan]] 
| after = [[Mohammad Yaqub Khan]]
))
((s-end))

((Monarchs of Afghanistan))
((Anglo-Afghan War))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Sher Ali))
[[Category:1825 births]]
[[Category:1879 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Afghan monarchs]]
[[Category:Emirs of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Barakzai dynasty]]
[[Category:People of the Second Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:19th-century Afghan politicians]]

((-))
((Afghanistan-bio-stub))

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