Shi Jianqiao
portrait photo of Shi Jianqiao
Undated photo of Shi Jianqiao as a young woman
Born
Shi Gulan

1905[1] or 1906[2]
Shazigang village, Tongcheng City, Anhui Province, Qing Empire
Died27 August 1979 (aged 73–74)
NationalityChinese
Known forassassination of the warlord Sun Chuanfang
Shi Jianqiao
Traditional Chinese施劍翹
Simplified Chinese施剑翘

Shi Jianqiao (Chinese: 施劍翹, 1905[1] or 1906[2] – 27 August 1979[citation needed]) was the daughter of the Chinese military officer Shi Congbin, whose killing she avenged by assassinating the former warlord Sun Chuanfang.[2][3] The revenge killing and the legal proceedings that followed were highly publicized at the time and incited public debates over the concepts of filial piety and the rule of law.[2][4]

Names

Shi Jianqiao's given name was Shi Gulan, (simplified Chinese: 施谷兰; traditional Chinese: 施谷蘭; pinyin: Shī Gǔlán; Wade–Giles: Shih Ku-lan; lit. 'Valley Orchid').[2] She adopted the name Shi Jianqiao around the time she was planning to assassinate Sun Chuanfang to avenge her father's killing.[2] The characters of her adopted name mean "sword" and "to raise" alluding to her planned role as an avenging assassin.[2]

Background

Shi Jianqiao was born in Tongcheng City, Anhui Province, in the small village of Shazigang.[2] While her grandfather had still been a farmer and tofu seller, her father and one of her uncles rose to become decorated soldiers, which led to an increase in the family's social status.[2] She grew up in Jinan, Shandong Province and had her feet bound as a young girl.[1] By the year he was killed (1925), her father had been promoted to director of military affairs in Shandong Province and served as brigade commander under the local warlord Zhang Zongchang.[2] Zhang Zongchang and hence Shi Congbin were aligned with the Fengtian clique, one of the two main competing warlord factions at the time. By some accounts, Shi Jianqiao graduated from Tianjin Normal College (Chinese: 天津師範學校; pinyin: Tiānjīn Shīfàn Xuéxiào).[2]

In October 1925, during the second war between the Zhili and Fengtian warlord cliques, her father Shi Congbin was leading a brigade of mercenary soldiers in an attempt to capture Guzhen, Shandong.[2] However, he found himself surrounded by troops of the Zhili warlord Sun Chuanfang who had been leading a surprise counterattack against the advance of the Fengtian troops.[2] The next day, Sun had Shi decapitated and his severed head displayed in public at the train station of Bengbu, Anhui.[2] Less than two years later, in early 1927, Sun Chuanfeng was deposed by the Northern Expedition,[2] a military campaign by the Kuomintang that was targeted at ending the rule of the local warlords. He retired from his military career and founded the Tianjin Qingxiu lay-Buddhist society (Chinese: 天津佛教居士林; pinyin: Tiānjīn Fójiào Jūshìlín) together with his former fellow warlord Jin Yunpeng.[2]

Revenge

Pamphlet by Shi Jianqiao authenticated with her fingerprint

About 10 years after the death of her father, Shi Jianqiao tracked down Sun Chuanfang in Tianjin.[2] Shortly after 3pm on 13 November 1935, she approached him from behind while he was leading a sutra-recitation session at his lay-Buddhist society on Nanma Road.[2] She then killed the kneeling former warlord by shooting him three times with her Browning pistol.[2] After the assassination, she stayed at the crime scene to explain her deed and distribute mimeographed pamphlets to bystanders.[2] Her case drew a significant amount of public and media attention.[2][5] After a lengthy legal process with two appeals that ultimately reached the Supreme Court in Nanjing[2] and pitted public sentiment against the rule of law,[4][6] she was finally given a state pardon by the Nationalist government[2] on 14 October 1936. The assassination of Sun Chuanfang was ethically justified as an act of filial piety[3][7] and turned into a political symbol of the legitimate vengeance against the Japanese invaders.[5][7]

Later life and death

In 1949, Shi Jianqiao was elected as vice-chair of the Women's Federation of Suzhou.[1] In 1957, she was appointed to the Beijing Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.[1]

Shi Jianqiao died in 1979, shortly after surgery for advanced colorectal cancer.[1] Her ashes were buried in the West Tianling Cemetery (Chinese: 西天灵公墓; pinyin: Xī Tiānlíng Gōngmù) in Suzhou City.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Fang, Qian (2010). "民国第一女刺客施剑翘" [The Republic of China's first female assassin, Shi Jianqiao] (in Chinese). CPC Zongyang County Propaganda Department.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Eugenia Lean (2007). Public passions: The Case of Shi Jianqiao, Mass Culture and Collective Sentiment in Republican China. University of California Press. p. 290. ISBN 0520247183. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  3. ^ a b Haiyan Lee (2007). Revolution of the Heart: A Genealogy of Love in China, 1900-1950. Stanford University Press. p. 364. ISBN 0804754179. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  4. ^ a b Ocko, Jonathan K.; Gilmartin, David (February 2009), "State, sovereignty, and the people: A comparison of the "Rule of Law" in China and India", The Journal of Asian Studies, 68 (1): 55–133, doi:10.1017/s0021911809000084
  5. ^ a b Shu, Sheng-Chi (2009). Transregional Networking in the Chinese Journalistic Diaspora: Hu Wenhu/Sin Chew Jit Poh and Guomindang China, 1929–1937 (Master Thesis). National University of Singapore.
  6. ^ Asen, Daniel (2009), "Approaching Law and Exhausting its (Social) Principles: Jurisprudence as Social Science in Early 20th Century China", Spontaneous Generations: A Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science, 2 (1): 213–237, doi:10.4245/sponge.v2i1.3511
  7. ^ a b He, Qiliang (2010), "Scandal and the New Woman: Identities and Media Culture in 1920s China" (PDF), Studies on Asia, IV, 1 (1): 1–28, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2012
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