Shi Lang
Shi Lang in the company of high-ranking officials
Chinese施琅

Shi Lang (1621[1]–1696[2]), Marquis Jinghai, also known as Secoe or Sego,[3] was a Chinese admiral who served under the Ming and Qing dynasties in the 17th century. He was the commander-in-chief of the Qing fleets which destroyed the power of Zheng Chenggong's descendants in the 1660s, and led the conquest of the Zheng family's Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan in 1683. Shi later governed part of Taiwan as a marquis.

Early life and career

Shi Lang was born to a distinguished lineage in Fujian, in 1621. He studied military strategy in his youth, and became particularly proficient in naval warfare. He was also famous for his strength, ferocity and martial skills in battle. Kangxi Emperor once described him as a fierce warrior who was also highly adept in military command skills, however, he was a blunt and rude person who lacked basic manners and courtesy. After fighting a number of minor operations locally with his father, he joined Zheng Zhilong's naval fleet as captain of the left vanguard. Shi Lang served most of the early 1640s in the Zheng family's fleet, where he apparently saw some conflict with Zheng Zhilong's son Zheng Chenggong. When Shi defected to the Qing dynasty in 1646, Zheng Chenggong killed Shi's father, brother and son.

Campaign against the Zheng family

The Qing rulers prized Shi Lang for his extensive naval experience and his network of contacts in the major trading ports of East Asia. He accompanied Prince Jidu (son of Jirgalang) on an expedition in Fujian in 1656, and attained the rank of Assistant Brigadier-General. In the campaign of 1663 against the Zheng family, he commanded Dutch ships and men to follow up the Qing victories.[4] In 1668, he submitted a plan to drive the remnants of the Ming dynasty from Taiwan and the Pescadores (Penghu), but the proposal was not utilised. He was given a post in the Imperial Bodyguard and attached to the Chinese Bordered Yellow Banner.[5]

Conquest of Taiwan

Main article: Battle of Penghu

In 1681, following the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, the Kangxi Emperor sought a possible leader for an amphibious operation against Taiwan. Following the advice of Li Guangdi, he chose Shi Lang. Shi Lang insisted on having an independent command, not one shared with Yao Qisheng, the Governor-General of Fujian. On 8 July 1683, after extensive preparation, Shi Lang led a force of 300 warships and 20,000 soldiers out of Tongshan, Fujian. On July 16–17, he defeated the Zheng family's leading naval commander, Liu Guoxuan, in a major engagement near the Pescadores.[6] On 5 September, Shi Lang received Zheng Keshuang's offer to surrender. On 3 October, he reached Taiwan and formally obtained the capitulation of Liu Guoxuan and Zheng Keshuang.

Following this successful campaign, Shi Lang returned to the Chinese mainland and worked hard to persuade the Kangxi Emperor to make Taiwan part of China's recognized territory. At the time, there was opposition among many within the Qing government toward the annexation of Taiwan, arguing that its maintenance would become an economic burden on the empire. However, the Kangxi Emperor accepted Shi Lang's views, and in 1684 Taiwan was divided into three counties and established as a prefecture of Fujian province.

Shi Lang was declared the "General Who Maintains Peace on the Seas" (靖海将军) and given the hereditary rank of marquis.[7][8][9] At his own request, he was specially granted the privilege of wearing an honorary peacock feather. Shi Lang continued at his post in Fujian, seizing almost half of the developed land in southern Taiwan for his own profit. Shi annually extorted monetary resources from rich and poor local communities alike, and instituted policies that deliberately aimed to isolate Taiwan from the rest of the Qing Empire – coastal provinces were forbidden to interact with Taiwan, and even people from inland provinces were disallowed to bring their families with them, effectively preventing them from making any permanent foothold in Taiwan. Although he was later charged with arrogance, in 1688 the Kangxi Emperor received Shi Lang in audience in Beijing and allowed him to sit in the imperial presence, reiterating his confidence in him. Shi Lang returned to Fujian and remained in office there until his death in 1696.

Legacy

Paifang in Quanzhou in memory of Shi Lang. (taken between 1860 and 1880)

Shi Lang was given the posthumous name "Xiangzhuang" (襄壮), and the title of Junior Tutor to the Heir Apparent. In 1732, his name was entered for worship in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen. One of his sons achieved distinction as an admiral, whilst another was a state official. The Shi family was granted the special privilege of burial in their ancestral cemetery in Jinjiang, instead of in Banner lands as was the case with other Bannermen.

Though famous for his military achievements, Shi Lang remains a controversial figure in contemporary China. He is generally denounced as a traitorous figure who abandoned the Ming loyalist cause for the Qing.[10][11] As a defector, his exploits have generally been downplayed by the governments of both Taiwan and China, and he is remembered in Taiwan as a conqueror and cruel governor.

In popular culture

Shi Lang appears as a minor character in the wuxia novel The Deer and the Cauldron by Louis Cha. In the novel, the Kangxi Emperor ordered Shi Lang to assist the protagonist Wei Xiaobao in destroying the Mystic Dragon Cult. The Battle of Penghu, in which Shi Lang led the Qing navy to victory over the forces of the Kingdom of Tungning, is also mentioned in the later chapters.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Chan, Wing-ming. “Official Historiography and Ideological Indoctrination in High Qing: Emperor Qianlong's Compilation of the ‘Erchen Zhuan’ and ‘Nichen Zhuan.’” Oriens Extremus, vol. 44, 2003, pp. 253–274. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24047576.
  2. ^ Po, Ronald C. (2017) Shi Lang: hero or villain? His evolving legacy in China and Taiwan. Modern Asian Studies . ISSN 0026-749X © 2017 Cambridge University Press http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/81309/1/Po_Shi%20Lang%20Hero%20or%20Villain_2017.pdf
  3. ^ John Lai (1965). "台灣鄭氏與英國的通商關係史" (PDF).
  4. ^ John Macgowan (1906). The Imperial History of China: Being a History of the Empire as Compiled by the Chinese Historians. American Presbyterian Mission Press. pp. 528–. Shi Lang was known for his attitude and refusal to obey orders.
  5. ^ Imperial China- (?- 1644)
  6. ^ Lowell Dittmer (26 September 2017). Taiwan and China: Fitful Embrace. Univ of California Press. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-520-29598-8.
  7. ^ H.S. Brunnert; V.V. Hagelstrom (15 April 2013). Present Day Political Organization of China. Routledge. pp. 494–. ISBN 978-1-135-79795-9.
  8. ^ "p.494-5. Present Day Political Organization of China". Archived from the original on 2016-04-25.
  9. ^ "Present day political organization of China".
  10. ^ Leong, Stephen, ed. (2006). Asia Pacific Security: Imperatives for Co-operation: Papers Presented at the 19th Asia-Pacific Roundtable: 31 May-3 June, 2005, Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur: ISIS Malaysia. p. 154. ISBN 9789679472912. Shih Lang had fallen out with the Cheng family in 1662 and offered his services to the new Manchu rulers — he was therefore regarded as something of a traitor to the Ming cause.
  11. ^ Wong, Young-tsu (27 April 2016). "Security and Warfare on the China Coast: The Taiwan Question in the Seventeenth Century". Monumenta Serica. 35 (1): 113. doi:10.1080/02549948.1981.11731152. Strangely enough he has been vilified as a traitor by the modern Chinese. To be sure, Shih betrayed Cheng Ch'eng-kung and the cause of the Ming loyalist movement.
  12. ^ Cha, Louis (2018). Minford, John (ed.). The Deer and the Cauldron: 3 Volume Set. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190836054.
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