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((Short description|Nilotic ethnic group of South Sudan))
((Use dmy dates|date=July 2014))((infobox ethnic group|
| group            = Shilluk
| native_name      = Cøllø
| native_name_lang = 
| image            = Sudan Malakal two Shiluki 1936.jpg
| caption          = Two Shilluk men, photographed 1936 near [[Malakal]], South Sudan
| population       = 500,000-700,000((citation needed|date=November 2023))
| popplace         = 
| rels             = Christianity<br>[[African traditional religion]]
| langs            = [[Shilluk language|Shilluk]], [[English language|English]]
| related          = Other [[Luo (family of ethnic groups)|Luo peoples]], other [[Nilotic peoples]]
))

The '''Shilluk''' ([[Shilluk language|Shilluk]]: ''Chollo'') is a major [[Luo peoples|Luo]] [[Nilotic]] ethnic group that resides in the northeastern [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]] state of [[South Sudan]] on both banks of the [[Nile|Nile River]] in [[Malakal]]. Before the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]], the Shilluk also lived in settlements on the northern bank of the [[Sobat River]], close to where the Sobat joins the Nile.

The Shilluk are the third-largest ethnic group of southern Sudan, after the [[Dinka people|Dinka]] and [[Nuer people|Nuer]].

Their language is called [[Shilluk language|''Dhøg Cøllø'']], ''dhøg'' being the Shilluk word for language and mouth. It belongs to the [[Luo languages|Luo]] branch of the [[Western Nilotic languages|Western Nilotic]] subfamily of the [[Nilotic languages]].

== History and culture ==
((Main|Shilluk Kingdom))
[[File:Richard Buchta - Shilluk woman holding jar.jpg|thumb|Shilluk woman carrying a jar]]
[[File:Richard Buchta - Shilluk material culture II.jpg|thumb|Photo of Shilluk "material culture" from the late 1870s]]
[[File:Richard Buchta - Shilluk material culture I.jpg|thumb|More Shilluk "material culture"]]
The Shilluk people formed today's [[Shilluk Kingdom]] in southern [[Sudan]] in 1454. Historically, it was a patriarchal monarchy led by a ''reth'' from the divine lineage of the [[culture hero]] [[Nyikang]], who is believed to affect the nation's health. Their society was once somewhat hierarchical, with castes of royals, nobles, commoners, and enslaved people.<ref name=":0">((Cite web |title=Shilluk ((!)) people ((!)) Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shilluk |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en))</ref> Today, the Shilluk government is a democracy, with an elected headman voted in by a council of hamlet heads.<ref name=":0" />

The Shilluk are closely related to the [[Anuak people]] and Luo Nilotic members. The Shilluk language shares many words with the [[Anuak language]] (the ''dha anywaa)''.

Most Shilluk are sedentary agriculturists.<ref name=":0" /> Like most Nilotic groups, cattle-raising is a large part of their economy; however, agriculture and fishing are more significant activities than usual. Both sexes engage in agricultural work.<ref name=":0" />

== Physique ==
The Shilluk, along with the [[Dinka]], have been considered some of the tallest people in the world. In an investigation between 1953 and 1954, D. F. Robers reported that [[Ruweng people|Dinka Ruweng]] males were, on average, 181.3&nbsp;cm (5&nbsp;ft 11 1⁄2 in) tall, while Shilluk males averaged 182.6&nbsp;cm (6&nbsp;ft 0 in).<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=D. F.|last2=Bainbridge|first2=D. R.|date=1963|editor-last=Bainbridge|editor-first=D. R|title=Nilotic physique|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330210309|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=341–370|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330210309|pmid=14159970|issn=0002-9483))</ref> General characteristics among the Nilotic people include long legs, narrow bodies, and short trunks, adaptations to South Sudan's hot climate.<ref>Stock, Jay (Summer 2006). "Skeleton key". Planet Earth: 26.</ref>

However, in 1995, male Shilluk refugees in southwestern [[Ethiopia]] were, on average, 172.6&nbsp;cm (5&nbsp;ft 8 in) tall. The study suggests that Nilotic people "may attain greater height if privileged with favorable environmental conditions during early childhood and adolescence, allowing full expression of the genetic material."<ref>Chali D (1995). "Anthropometric measurements of the Nilotic tribes in a refugee camp". ''Ethiopian Medical Journal''. '''33''' (4): 211–7. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] 8674486.</ref> These refugees were [[Refugees of Sudan#Displacement|displaced]] due to [[First Sudanese Civil War|civil wars]] in their country from 1955 to the present.

== Religion ==
((Unreferenced section|date=July 2011))
Most Shilluk have converted to [[Christianity]], while some still follow the traditional religion or a mixture of the two; a few have converted to [[Islam]]. The [[Episcopal Church of the Sudan|Episcopal Church of Sudan]] dates the event to the late 19th century, when the [[Church Mission Society]] first began to send missionaries.

Colonial policies and missionary movements have divided Shilluk into [[Catholic]] and [[Protestant]] denominations. The Catholic Church historically proselytized on the western bank of the Nile. It ran mission stations at [[Lul]], [[Detwoc]], [[Tonga (Sudan)|Tonga]], and [[Yoynyang]]. In contrast, the American Inland Mission ran a mission station at [[Doleib Hill]], located south of [[Malakal]] on the eastern side of the Nile but situated on the [[Sobat River]]. The Shilluk were a minority in the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) for most of the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]], their number peaking in the late 1980s and the pre-ceasefire fighting in 2004.

== Violence ==
During the summer of 2010, the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]] (SPLA), in an attempt to disarm the tribe and stop a local Shilluk rebellion, burned several villages and killed an untold number of civilians in South Sudan's Shilluk Kingdom.<ref name=aljazeera>((cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/photo_galleries/africa/201111010324526960.html|title=Sudan: Transcending tribe|publisher=Aljazeera.net/english, LLC|access-date=2011-04-26))</ref> Over 10,000 people were displaced during the [[Wet season|rainy season]] and sent fleeing into the forest, often naked, without bedding, shelter, or food. Many children died from hunger and cold.<ref name=aljazeera/>

The violence started again in April 2011 with an SPLA crackdown on rebel-controlled regions. Shilluk and Nuba were the alleged victims.<ref name="World News.com">((cite news|url=http://article.wn.com/view/2011/04/20/Southern_Sudan_Abuses_on_Both_Sides_in_Upper_Nile_Clashes/|title=Southern Sudan: Abuses on Both Sides in Upper Nile Clashes|publisher=Worldnews.com|access-date=11 May 2011|location=Juba))</ref>

Violence broke out again in Tonga in late 2022.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/12/1131457 South Sudan: ‘Raw violence’ displaces thousands during ‘ruthless conflict’, UNHCR says], UN News, United Nations, December 7, 2022</ref>

==Footnotes==
((reflist))

==References==
* ((cite book | last =Corbett | first =Greville G. | title =Numbers | publisher =Cambridge University Press | year =2000 | location=Cambridge, UK; New York | pages =156–158 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=7jc-pgAFcE0C&pg=PA156 | isbn =0-521-64970-6 )) This section discusses number systems in ''Dhok-Chollo''.

==External links==
* ((Commons category-inline))
* [https://archive.org/details/shillukpeoplethe00west The Shilluk people, their language and folklore (1912)] [https://archive.org/details/shillukpeoplethe00west_0]
* [http://www.pachodo.org The Gateway to Shilluk Community]
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?pp/matpc:@field(NUMBER+@band(matpc+00313)) Library of Congress Photo of two Shilluk men, dated 1936]
* [http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2010/12/201012237023933452.html Mayhem in Sudan's Shilluk Kingdom]
* [https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14912/OD Shilluk, Dhocolo in South Sudan]
((authority control))

[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Sudan]]
[[Category:Upper Nile (state)]]
[[Category:Luo peoples]]
[[Category:Shilluk people| ]]

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