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((Short description|Yiddish literary critic (1883–1955)))
((More citations needed|date=October 2023))
((Infobox person
| name        = Shmuel (Samuel) Niger
| image       = Shmuel Niger.jpg
| birth_name  = Shmuel Ṭsharni
| birth_date  = 15 June 1883
| birth_place = [[Pukhavichy Raion|Dukora]], [[Minsk Governorate]]
| death_date  = 24 December 1955, age 72 
| death_place = New York City, New York
| nationality = Russian Empire, United States
| other_names = Samuel Niger, Samuel Charney, Shmuel Ṭsharni
| occupation  = Yiddish literary critic
))

'''Shmuel Niger''' (also Samuel Niger, pen name of Samuel Charney, 1883-1955) was a [[Yiddish]] writer, literary critic and historian and was one of the leading figures of Yiddish cultural work and [[Yiddishism]] in pre-revolution Russia.<ref name=YIVO1>((Citation
 | title = Niger, Shmuel
 | url = http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Niger_Shmuel
 | year = 2010
 | author = Moseley, Marcus
 | journal = YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
 | accessdate = 2013-08-13
))</ref>

==Life==
Shmuel Niger was born Shmuel Ṭsharni on 15 June 1883 in [[Pukhavichy Raion|Dukora]], a small village in [[Minsk Governorate]], to Zev Volf and Brokhe Tsharni (née Hurwitz). His father, a fervent [[Lubavitcher]] [[Hasid]], died in 1889, leaving Shmuel’s mother a widow with five sons (he being the fourth) and a daughter.<ref name=Lexicon>Leyb Vaserman, "Niger, Shmuel,” in ''Leksikon fun der nayer yidisher literatur'', vol. 6, cols. 190–210 (New York, 1965)</ref> Niger’s two younger brothers also achieved renown. [[Baruch Charney Vladeck]] (1886–1938) became a leading socialist agitator and theoretician, general manager of ''[[The Jewish Daily Forward]]'' and New York City alderman while [[Daniel Charney]] (1888–1959) was a celebrated Yiddish poet, writer and journalist.

Niger was a child prodigy, studying Talmud until the age of 17 at [[yeshiva]]s in Berezin and Minsk. He was preparing for rabbinic ordination when he instead moved into the secular and political world, having become attracted to secular culture and Zionism.<ref name="YIVO1" /> In 1904, he co-founded the [[Zionist Socialist Workers Party]], and was a writer for the party paper ''[[Der nayer veg]]'' (''The New Path''). He was imprisoned and tortured for his political activity several times in Minsk, [[Kiev]], [[Warsaw]], [[Daugavpils]] ([[Dvinsk]]), [[Odessa]], and [[Vilna]], but he avoided execution after the intervention of family and friends.

==Literary career==
After initial literary forays in Russian and Hebrew, he wrote, published and worked as an editor for many different Yiddish periodicals in Vilna, St. Petersburg and Moscow. His 1907 essay on [[Sholem Asch]]'s drama ''Meshiekhs tsaytn'' (''The Age of the Messiah'') was his first significant Yiddish critical article and also helped to introduce the still relatively unknown Asch to a much broader audience. In 1908, together with the [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland|Bund]]ist dramatist [[A. Vayter]] and the Zionist essayist [[S. Gorelik]], he founded the short-lived journal ''Literarishe Monatshriftn'' (''Literary Monthly Journal'') in Vilna, which is widely credited with having launched the Yiddish literary renaissance.<ref name="Karlip2013">((cite book|author=Joshua M. Karlip|title=The Tragedy of a Generation: The Rise and Fall of Jewish Nationalism in Eastern Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xICrGqRkjYC&pg=PA332|date=1 June 2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-07494-1|page=36))</ref> The journal, while only publishing four issues, contained works of the bright young hopefuls of Yiddish literature, including Sholem Asch, [[Dovid Einhorn]], [[Peretz Hirshbein]], [[Hersh Dovid Nomberg]], and [[Der Nister]]. Niger’s own essays on Asch, Nomberg, [[I. L. Peretz]], and [[Avrom Reyzen]] set the high literary tone of the journal and heralded a level of literary and critical sophistication unprecedented in Yiddish literature.<ref name="YIVO1" />

Assisted by [[Ber Borochov]], he edited ''Der Pinkes'' (''The Record Book'', 1913), the first Yiddish scholarly volume devoted to the study of Yiddish literature, language, folklore, criticism, and bibliography. He also edited [[Zalman Reisen]]'s ''Leksikon fun der Yidisher Literatur un Prese'' (''Lexicon of Yiddish Literature and Press'', 1914). These volumes helped to lay the foundation for the scholarly study of the Yiddish language and literature.<ref>((Citation|title=Niger, Shmuel|url = http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2587514838&v=2.1&u=new27191&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w|year=2007|journal=Encyclopaedia Judaica|pages=262–263|volume=15|last1=Liptzin|first1=Sol|last2=Trachtenberg|first2=Barry|accessdate=2013-08-15))</ref>

==In America==
In autumn 1919, Niger immigrated to the United States, where at first he worked at ''The Jewish Daily Forward'' (where his brother [[Baruch Charney Vladeck|Baruch]] was manager), and a few weeks later at the Yiddish liberal daily [[Der Tog |''Tog'' (''Day'')]], for which he worked until his death in 1955.<ref name=JTA>((Citation|title=Samuel Niger-Charney, Noted Jewish Critic, Dead; Funeral Wednesday|url=http://www.jta.org/1955/12/27/archive/samuel-niger-charney-noted-jewish-critic-dead-funeral-wednesday|year=1955|journal=JTA|accessdate=2013-12-18))</ref> He became the leading critic of Yiddish literary life,<ref name="PymShlesinger2008">((cite book|author1=Anthony Pym|author2=Miriam Shlesinger|author3=Daniel Simeoni|title=Beyond Descriptive Translation Studies: Investigations in homage to Gideon Toury|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXA6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|date=13 March 2008|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-9167-7|page=67))</ref> writing weekly reviews of books and articles on literary trends for ''Tog''. He also co-edited the literary monthly ''Di Tsukunft'' from 1941 to 1947. Although the bulk of Niger’s literary criticism, mainly consisting of articles and essays from journals and newspapers, was never collected and published in book form, a bibliography compiled by Yefim Yeshurun lists 4,083 items by Niger and 1,607 items about him.<ref name=Yeshurun>Jeshurin, Ephim H., ''Shmuel Niger-bibliografye,'' YIVO, (New York, 1958)</ref>

Niger died in [[New York City]] on 24 December 1955, returning from a [[YIVO]] Executive Committee meeting. His funeral was attended by well over 1,000 people and news of his death led to the publication in the Jewish press of hundreds of articles about him worldwide.<ref name="JTA"/><ref>((cite news|title=Samuel Chaney, A Yiddish Author – President of World Jewish Cultural Congress Dies – Used Pen Name S. Niger|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/12/26/archives/samuel-cha-rnen-a-yiddish-author-presidint-of-world-jewish-cultural.html|accessdate=6 November 2017|work=New York Times))</ref> He was buried at Mount Carmel Cemetery in Queens, New York.

==References==
((reflist|2))

==External links==
* [http://findingaids.cjh.org/?pID=426473 Guide to the Papers of Shmuel Niger] at the YIVO Institute, New York, NY

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Niger, Shmuel))
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pukhavichy District]]
[[Category:People from Igumensky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Belarusian Jews]]
[[Category:Zionist Socialist Workers Party politicians]]
[[Category:Yiddish culture in Russia]]
[[Category:History of YIVO]]

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