Shu-turul (Shu-durul, 𒋗𒄙𒄒, shu-tur2-ul3)[1][2] (also Šu-Turul) was the last king of the Akkadian Empire, ruling for 15 years according to the Sumerian king list.[3] It indicates that he succeeded his father Dudu. A few artifacts, seal impressions etc. attest that he held sway over a greatly reduced Akkadian territory that included Kish, Tutub, Nippur, and Eshnunna. The Diyala river also bore the name "Shu-durul" at the time.[4]
Sumerian King List
The king list asserts that Akkad was then conquered, and the hegemony returned to Uruk following his reign.[5] It further lists six names of an Uruk dynasty; however only two of these six rulers, Ur-nigin, and Ur-gigir, have been confirmed through archaeology. With Akkad's collapse the Gutians, who had established their capital at Adab, became the regional power, though several of the southern city-states such as Uruk, Ur and Lagash also declared independence around this time.[6]
Inscriptions
A few inscriptions in his name are known.[7][8] One, on an administrative clay sealing found at Kish reads:
A clay sealing of Shu-turl was found at Nippur.[10] Another reading "[S]u-Turul, the [m]ighty, [ki]ng of [Aga]de: ... [(is) his servant]." was found at Tell Asmar.[7]
A votive mace, made of dark green marble,[11][12] is also known with an inscription mentioning Shu-turul and the dedication of a temple to Nergal:
Votive mace of Shu-turul, with an inscription with his name on the flange. Room 56, display case 11, British Museum[13][12]
^Handbook To Life In Ancient Mesopotamia by Stephen Bertman
^Donald M. Matthews, The Early Glyptic of Tell Brak: Cylinder Seals of Third Millennium Syria 1997, p. 15.
^Who's Who in the Ancient Near East by Gwendolyn Leick
^M. Molina, "The palace of Adab during the Sargonic period", D. Wicke (ed.), Der Palast im antiken und islamischen Orient, Colloquien der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 9, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 151-20, 2019
^ abcdDouglas R. Frayne, "Akkad", The Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334-2113), pp. 5-218, University of Toronto Press, 1993, ISBN0-8020-0593-4
^Gibson, McGuire, "A Re-Evaluation of the Akkad Period in the Diyala Region on the Basis of Recent Excavations at Nippur and in the Hamrin", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 531–38, 1982
^ F. Pomponio, G. Visicato, A. Westenholz, Le tavolette cuneiformidi Adab delle collezioni della Banca d’Italia", Vol. I. Roma, 2006
^Kogan, L. and Markina, K., "R. Hasselbach. Sargonic Akkadian. A Historical and Comparative Study of the Syllabic Texts", Babel und Bibel 3: Annual of Ancient Near Eastern, Old Testament and Semitic Studies, edited by Leonid E. Kogan, Natalia Koslova, Sergey Loesov and Serguei Tishchenko, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 555-588, 2006
^T. Matney, "Urban planning and the archaeology of society at Early Bronze Age Titris ̧Höyük" In: D. C. Hopkins (Hrsg.), Across the Anatolian Plateau. Readings in the archaeology of ancient Turkey. The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 57, pp. 19–34, Boston, 2002
![Transcription of the inscription on the flange of the votive hammer of Shu-turul.[18][12][19]](/en/File:Votive_hammer_of_Shu-turul.jpg)
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