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((multiple issues|
((more citations needed|date=September 2009))
((Update|article|inaccurate=y|date=October 2012))
))
'''Siberian natural resources''' refers to resources found in [[Russia]]n [[Siberia]], in the North Asian Mainland. The Siberian region is rich in resources, including [[coal]], [[oil]] and metal ores.

==Contribution to Soviet economy==
Siberia’s contribution to the Soviet economy in percent of national output was given in Soviet statistical yearbooks for 1973 (1940 in brackets) as: Coal 33% (23%), Coking coal 30% (17%), Oil 21% (1.6%), Natural gas 8.5% (from 1.5% in 1950), Electric power output 18% (6.6%), Iron ore 6.9% (1.6%), Pig iron 9.5% (10%), Crude steel 8.3% (10%), Rolled steel 10% (9.1%). But regional breakdowns were omitted in the yearbooks from 1973, except for a few 1975 figures.<ref>Theodore Shabad and Victor L. Mote: ''Gateway to Siberian Resources (The BAM)'' p. 54 (Halstead Press/John Wiley, New York, 1977) ((ISBN|0-470-99040-6))</ref>

==Energy sources==
===Coal===
In the important [[Chelyabinsk]] coalfields, production rose from 390,000 tonnes in 1925 to 3,519,000 tonnes in 1936. The total production for the East Urals was 8,080,000 tonnes in 1937. Reserves for the following coalfields are shown in millions of [[tonne]]s:

*[[East Urals]]: ([[Triassic]] [[lignite]]): 2,872
*[[Karaganda]] ([[Low Carboniferous period]], for [[coking]]): 52,696
*[[Kuznets]] ([[Permian]], for coking): 450,658
*[[Minusinsk]] (Permian): 20,612
*[[Chulym River (Ob River)|Chulym]]-[[Yenisei]]: ([[Jurassic]] lignite): 43,000
*[[Kansk]]: (Jurassic lignite): 42,000
*[[Irkutsk]] and [[Transbaikalia]] (Jurassic): 81,397
*[[Bureya, Russia|Bureya]]: 26,116
*[[Partizanskaya River|Suchan]] (for coking): 42,000
*[[Yenisei River|Tunguska]] (low Carboniferous): 400,000
*[[Lena, Russia|Lena]] ([[Mesozoic]]): 60,000

====Kuznetsk Coal Zone====
The development of the coal fields of [[Kuznetsk Basin]], (sometimes called the "Kuzbass") transformed the Siberian [[steppe]]. The south sector of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] became a great industrial center because of the activity surrounding the coalfields. These ancient reserves of 13,000,000,000 tonnes grew to 450,658,000,000 tonnes. In 1937, the 50 mines in this area produced a total of 17,300,000 tonnes. The coal production of this zone was comparable with that of all of [[British India]], and half of that produced by Japan. Kuznetsk coal was the best in the USSR, with high energy and low [[sulphur]] content. The total [[anthracite]] reserve was 54 million tonnes; and was used in the Ural-Kuznetsk Metallurgical Combine. Siberia is also the coldest winters to survive, this includes freezing temperature such as -50 degrees.

{| cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
|- style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"
! style="border-right:1px solid black;" | Years
! style="border-right:1px solid black;" | Millions of Tonnes
! Percentage
|- align="right"
! style="border-right:1px solid black;" | 1913
| style="border-right:1px solid black;" | 0.799 || 3%
|- align="right"
! style="border-right:1px solid black;" | 1928
| style="border-right:1px solid black;" | 2.743 || 8%
|- align="right"
! style="border-right:1px solid black;" | 1932
| style="border-right:1px solid black;" | 7.544 || 12%
|- align="right"
! style="border-right:1px solid black;" | 1934
| style="border-right:1px solid black;" | 11.974 || 13%
|- align="right"
! style="border-right:1px solid black;" | 1936
| style="border-right:1px solid black;" | 17.3 || 14%
|- align="right"
! style="border-right:1px solid black;" | 1937
| style="border-right:1px solid black;" | 20.0 || ?
|}

====Other coal deposits====
Another important reserve is at Karaganda near the [[Magnitogorsk]] (Magnet City) Higt Ovens. Production in 1937 was 3,937,200 tonnes. Other important coal deposits are: Minusinsk near [[Chernogorsk]], which joins the mining zone of Chulym-Yenisei at the [[Yenisei river]]; the Kansk deposits north of [[Krasnoyarsk]]; the Irkutsk deposits, which yielded 3,000,000 tonnes from the Cheremkovo mine in 1937; the Lake Baikal deposits; the Lena sector; the Norilsk sector in Tunguska mining zone; the Sangar Khai founts in the [[Amur River]] and [[Bureya River]]s near Vladivostok, the Artem and Suchan mines with 1937 production of 2,110,000 tonnes and 590,000 tonnes respectively; and the Sakhalin coal deposits in the Pamir and Tian Shan mountains in central Asia.

In the [[Minusinsk]] area, the estimated reserves are 20,612,000,000 tonnes; the Chulym-Yenisei mine is estimated at 43,000,000,000 tonnes; the Kansk sources estimated at 42,000,000,000 tonnes; and Cheremkhovo estimated at 79,000,000,000 tonnes. The Kuznets area has excellent coal for coke, chemical and gas production. Production in 1913 was 774,000 tonnes. In 1927, these mines extracted about 2,600,000 tonnes to maintain one extraction of 16,800,000 tonnes. The modernized Prokopyevsk mine has an expected production capacity of about 3,200,000 tonnes. The other sources are in Stalinsk (Kuznets), Lenin-Kuznets, Kemerovo, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Chernogorsk, and Cheremkhovo

In Siberia, a huge amount of [[Palaeozoic]] coal was set on fire and destroyed at the end of the [[Permian]] period when the [[Siberian traps]] flood basalt erupted through coalfield areas.<ref>((Cite journal|title = Explosive eruption of coal and basalt and the end-Permian mass extinction|journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date = 3 January 2012|volume = 109|issue = 1|pages = 59–62|last1 = Ogden|first1 = Darcy E.|last2 = Sleep|first2 = Norman H.|doi = 10.1073/pnas.1118675109|pmid = 22184229|pmc = 3252959|bibcode = 2012PNAS..109...59O|doi-access = free))</ref> This caused deposition of much [[fly ash]] in sediments across the world. See [[Fly ash#In the geologic record]].

===Petroleum===
The Siberian petroleum sources follow (in [[tonnes]] - 1 tonne of petroleum is equivalent to 5 or 10 barrels, or 42 gallons, depending on the [[density]])

*Emba: 1,190,400,000
*Perm-Kama: 3,540,000,000
*Other Zones at West Urals and Volga: 471,500,000
*Sakhalin: 339,800,000
*Central Asia: 427,100,000

Table of Total production (for 45 oil well areas)
*1901: 11,000,000
*1913: 7,627,000
*1920: 2,915,000
*1928: 11,625,400
*1932: 21,413,200
*1936: 27,337,700

The most important Siberian petroleum zones are the [[West Siberian petroleum basin]], Central Urals, Sakhalin Island, Nordvyl on the Arctic Siberian coast, and the Kamchatka peninsula. From the [[Caspian Sea]] there is one oil [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]], which continues to the petrol camps of Emba at Orsk and ends in [[Omsk]], in western Siberia. Sakhalin Island has the most important [[oil reserves]] in the Russian Far East. In 1936, the Ohka oil wells extracted about 470,000 tonnes; one-third were obtained for Japanese concessionaires. In the Emba River area about 466,000 tonnes were extracted from about 20 pits of a total of 300 yaciments in 1937.

Total USSR oil production was 230,700,000 tonnes and there exist other reserves of 652,000,000 tonnes.

===Electrical power generation===
The third source of energy is hydro [[electricity]]. The region boasts large rivers capable of accommodating in-river hydro plants of 1000 MW and more per project. This potential was realised at an early stage, leading to investigations into the hydro potential of Pamir Tien-Shan and other East Siberian hydro resources. Today these hydro systems contribute roughly 40% of the electricity produced in Russia's Second Electricity Zone (Siberia) and helps to explain why the wholesale electricity prices in Zone 2 are structurally cheaper than in Zone 1 (European Russia).

In 2011, Russia's electricity consumption totalled 1022 TWh, of which Hydropower contributed 63TWh. These energy producing and disposes in 50% of time raised in about 280.690 [[gigawatt]]s (GW), between of theirs based in one disposition of 95% stay 58 GW.

To increase output, studies were made of the Lena, Yenisei and Ob river systems. In the Lenin Program in 1920, proposed construction of power systems in the Urals, Yenisei, [[Angara River]] and [[Lake Baikal]]. Some of these projects are similar to the [[Grand Coulee Dam]] in the [[Columbia River]].

A major hydroelectric powerplant was constructed in 1932 on the Dnieper River, at a high latitude in [[Zaporizhzhia]]. But it was destroyed in 1941 by retreating Soviet forces during World War II. The plant had a production capacity of 900 MW, was about 2,500 feet long, and rose 125 feet above water level. In 1940 the total production capacity was 2.5 GW. The new plan proposed plants on a gigantic scale, on the Angara river. Planned output was 9 GW, with four other plants in high Yenisei producing about 4 GW more.

==Iron deposits==
Siberian iron sources were more assorted. They are at [[Magnitogorsk]], [[Nizhni Tagil]] deposits in the south of Kuznetsk, the [[Angara River]] reserves, and Russian Far East mines.

The mines of the [[Urals]] have been known since 1702: Magnitogorsk
with annual extraction of 6,000,000 tonnes in 1931, minerals being 
[[magnetite]] and secondarily [[martite]], with 55% or 66% of iron content. The
other and oldest center was in Ninshi-Tagil. The total Ural iron reserves were 1,390,670,000 tonnes, of which one-third are [[limonite]]
and about 450,000,000 correspond directly at Magnitogorsk. When the deposits
in Kuznets began to be exploited, in 1930 recent discovered the [[Mountainous Shoria]] iron deposits, with reserves calculated as 292,412,000
tonnes, 45% iron content, and the Karaganda deposits. The other 
important founts stay in Petrovsk-Zabaikal near Baikal Lake, and
the Little Khingan Mountains in the Soviet side of the frontier.

Other iron resources in East Siberia are the Angara and Ilim river areas northwest of Baikal Lake, with production of 420,850,000 tonnes. No less than 30% of USSR iron production in the USSR was obtained in the Kuznets zone in 1937.

Iron deposits:
*Urals: sources of these mineral exist in Nizhni-Tagil, Zlatoust and Magnitogorsk, with a total production of 2,600,000 tonnes in 1937.
*[[Gornaya Shoria]]: exist iron, in Magnetite form, inside of Calize mineral why poses one 45% of iron content, but more Sulphur.
*Ridder: if extracted iron mixed with lead and zinc. Your total production in 1936 are about 1,000 tonnes. At the same time in the same mine extracted gold, copper and tin.

==Other minerals and general observations==
*[[Manganese]]: mined in the Urals, [[Kazakhstan]] and west of [[Krasnoyarsk]]. Their extractions effectuated in Achinsk Mine with one mineral with 20 or 25% of purity. The total production in 1937 was about 100,000 tonnes.
*[[Copper]]: possess ample reserves in Urals and Kazakhastan. Its total production in 1930 was 34,105 tonnes, increasing in 1936 to 83,000 tonnes. In East Kazakhastan exist the Yaciment of Kounrad, their minerals are composed of less than 2% copper, and these extraction are uneconomic. And the mine of [[Djezkazgan]] with double production why mentioned mine above.
*[[Pyrite]]: the founts of these mineral stay in diverse sites, such as Krasnouralsk and Orsk.
*[[Lead]] and [[zinc]]: the sources stay in the Siberian areas of Ridder Mine in Altai, Transbaikalia and Maritime Province. The total production of lead and zinc in 1936 were 55,000 and 63,000 tonnes respectively.
*[[Aluminum]]: the sources of these material stay in North Urals, in Khabakovsk ancient, [[Nadezhdinsk]], and south Urals in [[Kamensk]]. The USSR has a total production of aluminum in 1939 of 60,000 tonnes.
*[[Nickel]]: the most important deposits are in [[Norilsk]], near low Yenisei. Local production was 3,000 tonnes in 1938.
*[[Gold]]: Was believed to be mined before in the Urals and in Siberia from medieval times. The estimates in 1936, mentioned about 5,173,000 oz, which then reduced later to about 4,500,000 oz.((citation needed|date=March 2017)) These deposits exist near the Aldan and Kolyma rivers in Yakutia and others in Central Asia and the Urals.
*[[Chromium]]: In the Urals mountains was obtained 200,000 tonnes of [[chromite]].
*[[Tin]] and [[Tungsten]]: there exist deposits of these minerals in the East Baikal Area and Kazakhstan.
*[[Borax]] and [[Potash]]: These minerals are exploited in great quantities in [[Solikamsk]]. The local production was 1,800,000 tonnes in 1937. The total reserves of potash are estimated at 15,000 tonnes, and magnesium stay in about 18,000,000 tonnes. In [[Lake Inder]] (central Asia) there is 30,000 tonnes.
*[[Asbestos]]: This mineral was extracted in an Asbestos mine near Sverdlovsk in the Urals from 1889. The fiber is found in [[Peridotite]], as in [[Quebec]] and [[Rhodesia]]. Other deposits exist in Altai Sayan. The Ural reserves are about 17,500,000 tonnes of fiber with more than 0.7&nbsp;mm in length, so adequate for internal requirements. The USSR is in second place for production of these mineral with a yield of 100,000 tonnes.
*[[Talc]] and [[Steatite]]: deposits of these minerals exist in the Urals in great quantity.
*[[Magnesium]]: Apart from the sources of borax, there are also pure magnesium deposits in Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk, with production of 800,000 tonnes.
*Halite ([[rock salt]]): The extractions of these element are in Solikamsk in the Urals.
*Common salt: This is recovered from the Aral Sea.
*[[Precious stones|Precious Stones and Gems]]: The Urals have many sources of these, including [[beryllium]], [[amethyst]], [[topaz]], [[malachite]], [[alejandrie]], [[zirconium]], etc. The [[Mir Mine]] in [[Mirny, Sakha Republic]] was the largest (by area) open pit [[diamond]] mine in the world till closure in 2012.
*[[Mercury (element)|Mercury]]: Important sources are in the Urals Mountains.
*[[Mirabilite]]: Sources are in the Kara-Bogaz gulf.

===Coal===
The existence of coal, estimated at 400,000,000,000 tonnes, was about a quarter of the Asian total, or half of the European reserves. The principal coal mining valleys and basins are:
*Kuznetsk Basin
*Irkutsk Valley
*Minusinsk Basin
*Kirguiz Steppe Valleys (Karaganda Basin)
*Sakhalin Island (Alexandrovsk Valley)
*Maritime Provinces
*[[Tunguska Basin]]
*Bureisk Valley

During the interwar years, major production was in the Kuznetsk Basin; the Carboniferous Basin of Irkutsk extends joining
at Transiberian railway, in 480&nbsp;km, and the Maritime province near the Vladivostok area.

===Petrol===
Northern Sakhalin island holds large quantities of petrol. The ownership of these reserves is an ongoing concern between the Japanese and Russian governments. Other sources are found off the coast of Kamchatka and Ohkostk, the rest of Siberia is not currently seen as rich in Petroleum. With the exception of petrol pits in Central Asia and the Urals. These last (referring to the Turkestan zone) are an extension of the Caucasian petrol zone and the mentioned Ural petrol sources.

===Gold===


===Iron===
Stay more distributed and are exploited. The most important are Telbes Mine (Kuznetsk coal basin), Minusinsk, Yenisei
valley, Olga territory (Maritime Province) and the Irkutsk area.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Economy of Siberia]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]

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