In the late 1980s,[14] the Russian research institutes and design bureaus developed a successor for the 1970s Arktika-class nuclear-powered icebreakers as part of a wider icebreaker fleet renewal program initiated shortly after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[15] The new 60-megawatt icebreaker, referred to using a type size series designation LK-60Ya,[note 1] would feature a so-called dual-draft functionality which would allow the vessel to operate in shallow coastal areas after de-ballasting.[16] Although the preliminary designs had been developed almost two decades earlier, the LK-60Ya design was finalized in 2009 as Project 22220 by Central Design Bureau "Iceberg"[17] and the construction of the first vessel was awarded to Saint Petersburg-based Baltic Shipyard in August 2012.[18] Three additional contracts in May 2014, August 2019 and February 2023 have increased the number of Project 22220 icebreakers under construction or on order to seven.[19][20][21]
Construction
Sibir under construction at Baltic Shipyard in December 2018.
The tender for construction of two additional Project 22220 nuclear-powered icebreakers, referred to as the first and second serial vessels of the project, was announced at the keel laying ceremony of the lead ship Arktika on 5 November 2013.[2] On 8 May 2014, the 84.4 billion ruble (about US$2.4 billion)[8] contract for two vessels was awarded to the Saint Petersburg -based Baltic Shipyard, the only company whose bid had been accepted.[22]
The keel of the second Project 22220 icebreaker was laid on 26 May 2015.[5] After the launching of Arktika in June and in order to make way for the keel laying of the third icebreaker,[23] the partially-assembled hull weighing about 3,500 tonnes (3,400 long tons) was moved about 125 metres (410 ft) along the slipway to the position where final hull construction would take place.[24] The icebreaker was launched as Sibir, Russian for Siberia, on 22 September 2017.[4] Previously, the name had been used on the second Arktika-class icebreaker that was in service in 1977–1992.
Initially, the delivery of the second Project 22220 nuclear-powered icebreaker was scheduled for 2018,[2] but this had to be postponed due to problems with the delivery of the steam turbines from a domestic manufacturer.[25]
Sibir left for first sea trials on 16 November 2021[26] and returned to Saint Petersburg on 30 November.[27] The second sea trials were completed in December 2021.[28] While some minor malfunctions were discovered,[29] the icebreaker was delivered to Atomflot on 24 December 2021.[3]
Career
Sibir left Saint Petersburg on 13 January 2022 and, after a flag-raising ceremony in Murmansk on 25 January 2022,[30] headed to the Kara Sea and Gulf of Ob to escort ships through the ice.[6]
Sibir is 173.3 metres (569 ft) long overall and has a maximum beam of 34 metres (112 ft). Designed to operate efficiently both in shallow Arctic river estuaries as well as along the Northern Sea Route, the draught of the vessel can be varied between about 9 and 10.5 metres (30 and 34 ft) by taking in and discharging ballast water, corresponding to a displacement between 25,540 and 33,530 tonnes (25,140 and 33,000 long tons).[9][10][13]
Sibir has a nuclear-turbo-electric powertrain. The onboard nuclear power plant consists of two 175MWt RITM-200pressurized water reactors fueled by up to 20% enrichedUranium-235[31] and two 36MWe turbogenerators.[32][33][34] The propulsion system follows the classic polar icebreaker pattern with three 6.2-metre (20 ft) four-bladed propellers driven by 20-megawatt (27,000 hp) electric motors.[35][36] With a total propulsion power of 60 megawatts (80,000 hp), Sibir is designed to be capable of breaking 2.8 metres (9 ft) thick level ice at a continuous speed of 1.5–2 knots (2.8–3.7 km/h; 1.7–2.3 mph) at full power when operating in deep water at design draught.[10]
^Tsoy, L.G. (2012), "Не разучились ли наши судостроители проектировать ледоколы?", Морской флот (in Russian) (5)
^Tsoy, L.G.; Stoyanov, I.A.; Mikhailichenko, V.V.; Livshits, S.G. (1995), "Perspective types of Arctic icebreakers and their principal characteristics"(PDF), Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, 1995 (POAC'95), vol. 1, pp. 13–26, archived(PDF) from the original on 30 July 2021, retrieved 24 December 2019
^Tsoy, L.G. (1994), "New generation Arktika class nuclear icebreaker feasibility study", Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ships and Marine Structures in Cold Regions, 1994 (ICETECH'95), pp. P1–P8
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