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((short description|Low-floor tram manufactured by Siemens))
((More citations needed|date=March 2021))
((Use dmy dates|date=November 2019))
[[Image:Basel combino (1192395101).jpg|thumb|Combino [[Tram]] in [[Basel]]]]

The '''Siemens Combino''' is a [[low floor|low-floor]] [[tram]] produced by [[Siemens Mobility]] (formerly [[Duewag]]). The first prototype was produced in 1996 at the Duewag works in [[Düsseldorf]]; the trams are now made in [[Krefeld]]-[[Uerdingen]].

Due to its [[modular design]] using standardised components, and the resulting reduced costs, the Combino was for a time one of the most successful tram types. They were sold to 12 jurisdictions and a further development was sold to two others.

In 2007, a new generation of Combinos was sold to [[Bern]] and was known as the Siemens Combino XL. This was an updated version of the original design and was intended to correct defects in the original design.

Subsequently, the model was again renamed and is now known as the Avenio M. 14 of these were produced in 2011 with 12 going to [[Erfurt]] and two to [[Nordhausen, Thuringia|Nordhausen]].

The Siemens line has been complemented by a new design of trams called the [[Siemens Avenio|Avenio]], which have been built on the design technology of Siemens Combino Plus in [[Sul de Tejo]] and [[Budapest]]. Unlike the Combino, it does not have suspended sections but rather two axles under each body section. In essence, it is like a train of two axle cars.

==Use of the Siemens Combino world-wide==
Around 500 trams went into service in the following cities:

[[Image:Combino Głogowska RB2.JPG|thumb|Control panel of Poznań Siemens Combino]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#FFFFFF; color:#000000;"
! Locality
! class="unsortable"|Operator
! class="unsortable"|Type
! Model Year
! data-sort-type="number"|Number
|-
| ((flag|Netherlands)) <br /> [[Amsterdam]] || [[Gemeente Vervoerbedrijf]] || || 2005 || 155
|-
| ((flag|Germany)) <br /> [[Augsburg]] || [[Stadtwerke Augsburg]]|| || 2004 || 41
|-
| ((flag|Switzerland)) <br /> [[Basel]] || [[Basler Verkehrs-Betriebe|Basler Verkehrsbetriebe]] BVB || || 2002 || 28
|-
| ((flag|Switzerland)) <br /> [[Bern]] || [[BERNMOBIL|Bernmobil]] (formerly called Städtische Verkehrsbetriebe Bern) || || 2003+2009/2010 || data-sort-value="36"|15+21
|-
| rowspan=3 | ((flag|Germany)) <br /> [[Düsseldorf]] ||rowspan=3| [[Rheinbahn (Unternehmen)|Rheinbahn AG]]||NF10 || 2000-2002 || 36
|-
| NF8 || 2003-2004 || 15
|-
| NF8U || 2006-2007 || 15
|-
| ((flag|Germany)) <br /> [[Erfurt]] || [[Erfurter Verkehrsbetriebe]]|| || 2000-2006 || 48
|-
| ((flag|Germany)) <br /> [[Freiburg im Breisgau]] || [[Freiburger Verkehrs]] || || 2003 || 18
|-
| ((flag|Japan)) <br /> [[Hiroshima]] || [[Hiroshima Electric Railway]](広島電鉄) ||5000|| 2002 || 12
|-
| rowspan=2 | ((flag|Australia)) <br /> [[Melbourne]] ||rowspan=2| [[Yarra Trams]] || [[D-class Melbourne tram|D1]] || 2002-2004 || 38<ref>((cite web| title=D1 Class| url=http://www.vicsig.net/trams/class/D1| work=Vicsig| accessdate=28 September 2013))</ref>
|-
|[[D-class Melbourne tram|D2]] || 2003 || 21<ref>((cite web| title=D2 Class| url=http://www.vicsig.net/trams/class/D2| work=Vicsig| accessdate=28 September 2013))</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|((flag|Germany)) <br /> [[Nordhausen, Thuringia|Nordhausen]] || rowspan=2|Stadtwerke Nordhausen Verkehrs- und Stadtreinigungsbetrieb GmbH || || 2002 || 7
|-
| Combino Duo || 2004 || 3
|-
| ((flag|Poland)) <br /> [[Poznań]] || Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne w Poznaniu Sp. z o.o.  || || 2004 || 14
|-
| ((flag|Germany)) <br /> [[Potsdam]] || Verkehrsbetrieb Potsdam (ViP) || || 1998-2001 || 16
|-
| ((flag|Germany)) <br /> [[Ulm]] || [[stadtwerke Ulm|SWU]] Verkehr || || 2003-2008 || 10
|-
|((flagicon|Hungary)) [[Hungary]]
[[Budapest]]
|[[BKV Zrt.]]
|NF12B ([[Siemens Combino Supra|Combino Supra]])
|2006-2007
|40<ref>((Cite web |title=Siemens Combino |url=https://www.bkv.hu/hu/jarmuveink/villamos/siemens_combino |access-date=2018-07-07 |website=BKV |language=en))</ref>
|-
| ((flag|Spain))<br /> [[Barcelona]] || [[TramMet|TRAM Barcelona]]|| Combino (Prototype) || September 1997-January 1998 || 1
|}

Twenty-two trams were ordered by [[Verona]], [[Italy]], but the contract was cancelled because of the technical problems noted in this article.
==Technical specifications==
[[Image:Combino tram chassis.jpg|thumb|right|Bogie]]

The tram is largely made out of [[aluminium]], with a welded underframe to which the body framework is bolted in sections, which means that the Combino can easily be adopted to different lengths, widths and [[Rail gauge|gauges]]. The length of the trams varies from ((convert|19|m|ftin|0)) (Nordhausen "Duo" and Melbourne D1) to a world record ((convert|54|m|ftin|0)) (Budapest), accommodating between 100 and 250 passengers. All versions are designed to have a ((convert|300|mm|in|1|adj=on)) floor height and a ((convert|10|t|ST|0|adj=on|lk=on)) [[axle load]]. It can be built as a one-way or a two-way vehicle, and it is also produced as '''Siemens DuoCombino''' with an additional [[Diesel engine|diesel]] propulsion system, courtesy of BMW's [[BMW M67|M67]] 3.9-litre twin-turbocharged V8 engine. The only city to receive the DuoCombino was Nordhausen, Germany.

They usually take 600 V DC overhead power and convert this to 400 V 3-phase AC power for the regenerative low wear motors via 3 IGBT PWM inverters. On board controls, lighting and air conditioning run at 24 V DC.

==2004 recall due to flaws in construction==
On March 12, 2004, Siemens admitted to problems concerning the stability of the car bodies and, as a precautionary measure, instructed all public transportation services to take all Combinos with a service distance of more than ((convert|120000|km|mi|0)) out of service.<ref name="RGI-2004">((cite news| url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/combinos-withdrawn.html| title=Combinos withdrawn| website=Railway Gazette International| date=2004-04-01))</ref> [[Torsion (mechanics)|Torsion]] forces generated in S-curves were much higher than anticipated, leading to cracks around the articulations between the car modules. Subsequently, hairline cracks were found in the joints of the aluminium bodies, which could cause the roof to collapse in the case of an accident.
[[Image:Combino wnętrze RB1.JPG|thumb|Interior]]
The problem was acute in Combino cars that had run more ((Cvt|150000|km|4=0)). Cracks were reported on the connections between the sidewalls and the roof girders such that the safety of passengers in the wheel-less modules could not be assured in the event of a severe collision. These flaws were reported in many cities that had adopted the Siemens-Combinos, such as [[Düsseldorf]], [[Freiburg]], [[Augsburg]], [[Erfurt]], [[Hiroshima]], [[Nordhausen, Thuringia|Nordhausen]], [[Basel]], [[Potsdam]], [[Bern]], [[Amsterdam]] and [[Melbourne]]. In March 2004 Siemens Transport Systems confirmed that body-shell problems were emerging at high mileages and it advised all operators to take out about 400 Combinos that had run more than ((Cvt|120000|km|4=0)).<ref name="RGI-2004"/>

Siemens launched a three-stage process of rebuilding the 454 modules affected. Under this process the Combino modules were reinforced to give an expected 30-year life.<ref>((cite news| url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//three-stage-programme-puts-combino-trams-back-on-track.html| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101220059/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//three-stage-programme-puts-combino-trams-back-on-track.html| archive-date=November 1, 2011| title=Three stage programme puts Combino trams back on track| website=Railway Gazette International| first=Harry| last=Hondius| date=2005-10-01| accessdate=2008-11-05))</ref>

==Potsdam==
In 1997, the public transportation authorities of the city of [[Potsdam]] were the first to purchase Combino cars. The advantages of its low-floor technology were stressed during the introduction. A total of 48 cars were to be bought through 2009.

The order from Potsdam was of great importance for advertising the Combino in other cities. Cars from Potsdam were frequently used for demonstrations.

After a short period of service, many inhabitants of Potsdam noticed noises during the operation of the cars louder than those of the previously used [[ČKD|Tatra]] cars. In March 2004, the 16 Potsdam cars were taken out of service. As a replacement, several Tatra cars which had been given to museums were taken back into service. The shortage was aggravated by the fact that several old cars had been sold to [[Hungary]] just a month before.

In June 2004, Potsdam and Siemens "amicably" declared that the at the time 32 outstanding cars were not going to be delivered. This decision is likely to have consequences for other cities.

==Amsterdam==
[[Image:Combino lijn 1 Spui Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|right|Two Combinos in [[Amsterdam]] ]]
In June 2004, the first [[Amsterdam]] Combinos passed the mileage threshold of ((Cvt|120000|km|4=0)) and were taken out of service. Earlier, Siemens technicians had identified [[stress fracture]]s in the door segments of two of Amsterdam's oldest cars. But, according to Siemens, those turned out not to be dangerous, which is why the cars continued to be used. At the end of April 2004, it was decided not to call upon the twelve undelivered cars which were outstanding at that time.

==Kaohsiung Demonstrator==
A [[D-class Melbourne tram]] was borrowed by Siemens for a [[Kaohsiung#Central Park Light Rail Demonstrator|demonstrator]] in [[Kaohsiung]] for a three-month period in 2003-2004.<ref>((cite web| url=http://www.hsr.gov.tw/homepage.nsf/b01b307e47b27ced48256c6e00129254/6e43f310d0f0d4bf48256e9f001f7497!OpenDocument| title=Director General Ho visited the Kaohsiung Light Rail Test-Ride Activity| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023162626/http://www.hsr.gov.tw/homepage.nsf/b01b307e47b27ced48256c6e00129254/6e43f310d0f0d4bf48256e9f001f7497%21OpenDocument| archive-date=2016-10-23))</ref>

The city did not follow through with purchasing the cars or building a line after the trial. In 2013 the city began construction of the [[Circular Line (KMRT)|Circular LRT]] line, which utilises [[CAF Urbos]] vehicles.

==Poznań==
[[File:Combino Poznan RB.jpg|alt=Combino in Poznań|thumb|Combino in [[Poznań]]]]
[[Poznań]] announced in 2002 a tender for low-floor trams. Siemens won the contract with Combino. Poznań ordered 14 trams, each consisting of five modules, three double doors and three [[bogie]]s, identical to the Amsterdam version. The first Combino entered service at the end of 2003. Due to flaws in construction, not all trams were in active service. An agreement between Poznań and Siemens provided that the city would pay the fraction (31%) of trams' cost only after the refit of all 14 Combinos. Combinos were usually used on the [[Poznański Szybki Tramwaj]] (Poznań Fast Tram) ([[light rail]]), that is on lines 14, 15 and 16 until they got replaced by [[Solaris Tramino]] trams. Starting from then Combinos are used on different lines to provide access to low-floor trams in other parts of Poznań.

==Siemens Combino Supra==
((Main|Siemens Combino Supra))
The current Combino model (Combino MkI) will no longer be produced. For the cities which have already ordered Combinos, such as [[Budapest]] ([[Hungary]]) and [[Almada]] ([[Portugal]]), Siemens will provide trams based on an older [[ADtranz low floor tram|ADtranz]] design ((Citation needed|date=May 2009)), under the new name Combino Supra. The new Combinos will have thin stainless steel rather than aluminium carbodies. Siemens now also wants to sell the Viennese [[Ultra Low Floor]] (ULF), another 100%-low-floor model, to other cities. The first two Combino Supras were delivered March 14, 2006 to [[Budapest]].

After serious initial teething problems, which involved door mechanism malfunctions that led to a recall of all Budapest Combino trams by Siemens, the trams were in regular service during 2006. After they had been repaired, Budapest's government decided that they would return them to Siemens. However, this did not happen because of contractual terms. The local public transport company began using them in 2007 and now they are working successfully again.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Strassenbahn Augsburg 18-08-2007.jpg|Siemens Combino tram in [[Augsburg]], [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]].
Image:Combino Erfurt1.JPG|Combino tram in [[Erfurt]], [[Thuringia]], [[Germany]].
Image:Combino VAG auf Rasengleis.jpg|Freiburg Combino on [[green track]].
Image:D2.5018_acland.jpg|Combino [[D-class Melbourne tram|D2]] class in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]].
Image:PotsdamTram1.jpg| Combino tram in [[Potsdam]], [[Brandenburg]], [[Germany]].
Image:Siemens Combino PST RB1.JPG|Combino tram in [[Poznań]], [[Poland]] on the [[Poznański Szybki Tramwaj|PST]] LRT line.
</gallery>

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
((Commons and category))
* [http://www.siemens.cz/extra/msv/cd/TS/Vozidla/Combino_Hiroshima_EN.pdf Siemens Combino for Hiroshima Dentetsu (Brochure)]
* [http://www.kaemena360.com/home/regional-trains/siemens-combino-low-floor.html Interactive 360° tour through a Combino Plus tram]

[[Category:Duewag tram vehicles]]
[[Category:Tram vehicles of Germany]]
[[Category:Tram vehicles of Hungary]]
[[Category:Melbourne tram vehicles]]
[[Category:Tram vehicles of Japan]]
[[Category:Tram vehicles of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Tram vehicles of Poland]]
[[Category:Tram vehicles of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Siemens tram vehicles|Combino]]
[[Category:Articulated passenger trains]]
[[Category:600 V DC multiple units]]

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