The twenty signatories

The signatories of the Act of Independence of Lithuania were the twenty Lithuanian men who signed the Act of Independence of Lithuania on February 16, 1918. The signatories were elected to the Council of Lithuania by the Vilnius Conference in September 1917 and entrusted with the mission of establishing an independent Lithuanian state.[1] The proclaimed independence was established only in late 1918, after Germany lost World War I and its troops retreated from Lithuanian territory. What followed was a long process of building the state, determining its borders, and gaining international diplomatic recognition. The signatories succeeded in their mission and independent Lithuania survived until the Soviet Union occupied the state on June 15, 1940.

Their political, professional, and social backgrounds were diverse. Several rose to political prominence; Antanas Smetona and Aleksandras Stulginskis were later elected Presidents of Lithuania and Jonas Vileišis went on to become mayor of Kaunas, the temporary capital of Lithuania. After Lithuania lost its independence during World War II, six of the surviving signatories were sent to prison or executed by the Soviet government and six others emigrated to Western countries.[2]

Signatories

Image Name Political affiliation[3] Profession[2] Date and place of birth[4] Date and place of death[4]
Saliamonas Banaitis
pronunciationⓘ		 Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party Publisher[5] 1866-07-15 in Vaitiekupiai village, Šakiai district 1933-05-04 in Kaunas, Lithuania
Jonas Basanavičius
pronunciationⓘ		 Nonpartisan Physician 1851-10-23 in Ožkabaliai village, Naumiestis district 1927-02-16 in Wilno, Poland (now Vilnius, Lithuania)
Mykolas Biržiška
pronunciationⓘ		 Social Democratic Party Lawyer 1882-08-24 in Viekšniai 1962-08-24 in Los Angeles, United States
Kazimieras Bizauskas
pronunciationⓘ		 Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party Lawyer 1893-02-15 in Pavilosta, Latvia 1941-06-26 near Minsk, Belarus
Pranas Dovydaitis
pronunciationⓘ		 Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party Lawyer 1886-12-02 in Runkiai village, Marijampolė district 1942-10-04 in Sverdlovsk prison camp, Russia
Steponas Kairys
pronunciationⓘ		 Social Democratic Party Engineer 1879-01-03 in Užnevėžis village, Ukmergė district 1964-12-16 in New York City, United States
Petras Klimas
pronunciationⓘ		 Nonpartisan Historian 1891-02-23 in Kušliškiai village, Marijampolė district 1969-01-16 in Kaunas, Lithuania
Donatas Malinauskas
pronunciationⓘ		 Nonpartisan Agronomist 1869-03-07 in Krāslava, Latvia 1941-10-30 in a mass deportation camp in Siberia near Biysk, Russia[6]
Vladas Mironas
pronunciationⓘ		 Lithuanian Nationalist Union Catholic priest 1880-06-22 in Kuodiškiai village, Rokiškis district 1953-02-17 in Vladimir prison, Russia[7]
Stanisław Narutowicz
pronunciationⓘ		 Nonpartisan Lawyer 1862-09-02 in Brevikai village, Telšiai district 1932-12-31 in Kaunas, Lithuania
Alfonsas Petrulis
pronunciationⓘ		 Party of National Progress Catholic priest 1873-08-04 in Kateliškiai village, Biržai district 1928-06-28 in Musninkai, Lithuania
Antanas Smetona
pronunciationⓘ		 Lithuanian Nationalist Union Lawyer 1874-08-10 in Užulėnis village, Ukmergė district 1944-01-09 in Cleveland, Ohio, United States
Jonas Smilgevičius
pronunciationⓘ		 Nonpartisan Economist 1870-02-12 in Šoniai village, Telšiai district 1942-09-27 in Kaunas, Lithuania
Justinas Staugaitis
pronunciationⓘ		 Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party Catholic priest
(Later bishop)		 1866-10-14 in Tupikai village, Šakiai district 1943-07-08 in Telšiai, Lithuania
Aleksandras Stulginskis
pronunciationⓘ		 Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party Agronomist 1885-02-26 in Kutaliai village, Raseiniai district 1969-09-22 in Kaunas, Lithuania
Jurgis Šaulys
pronunciationⓘ		 Nonpartisan Financier 1879-05-05 in Balsėnai village, Tauragė district 1948-10-18 in Lugano, Switzerland
Kazimieras Steponas Šaulys
pronunciationⓘ		 Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party Catholic priest 1872-01-28 in Stempliai village, Tauragė district 1964-05-09 in Lugano, Switzerland
Jokūbas Šernas
pronunciationⓘ		 Nonpartisan Lawyer 1888-06-14 in Jasiškiai village, Biržai district 1926-07-31 in Kaunas, Lithuania
Jonas Vailokaitis
pronunciationⓘ		 Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party Financier 1886-06-25 in Pikžirniai village, Šakiai district 1944-12-16 in Blankenburg, Germany
Jonas Vileišis
pronunciationⓘ		 Lithuanian Popular Socialist Democratic Party Lawyer 1872-01-03 in Mediniai village, Biržai district 1942-06-01 in Kaunas, Lithuania

Personal and professional backgrounds

Facsimile of the Act of February 16

The signatories came from a variety of social backgrounds. Four had been born to Lithuanian noble families: Donatas Malinauskas, Stanisław Narutowicz, Jonas Smilgevičius, and Mykolas Biržiška. The other 16 were the children of farmers.[2] The eldest of the signatories was Jonas Basanavičius, who was 67 at the time, and the youngest Kazimieras Bizauskas, who was 25. Of the remainder, three were in their fifties, six were in their forties, eight were in their thirties, and one was in his twenties.[2] All, with the exception of Saliamonas Banaitis, had completed tertiary education. In 1926 he enrolled at Kaunas University, but his studies were left unfinished due to his death in 1933.[2] In terms of educational background, the Council was dominated by eight lawyers.[3] The group also included four priests, two agronomists, two financiers, one physician, one economist, and an engineer.[2] The majority of the signatories had received their higher education outside of Lithuania, since at the time Lithuania had no universities - Vilnius University was closed after the January Uprising in 1863. Five graduated from Saint Petersburg University, four from Moscow University, and two from Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology.[2]

By faith, nineteen of the signatories were Roman Catholics, although Jonas Basanavičius was not practicing. Jokūbas Šernas was the only professed Protestant Reformer.[2] At the time of the Act of Independence, six of the signatories were officially nonpartisan, seven were members of the conservative Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party, two were affiliated with the Lithuanian Nationalist Union and the Social Democratic Party, and Jonas Vileišis was affiliated with the Party of National Progress and the left-wing Lithuanian Popular Socialist Democratic Party.[3]

Activities before the Act of Independence

The signatories had all been active in Lithuania's independence movement. Antanas Smetona, Donatas Malinauskas, and several others had participated in secret Lithuanian fellowships in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These groups were involved in promoting the illegal distribution of Lithuanian-language publications using the Latin alphabet, which was banned by the Tsarist government from 1866 to 1904, as well as fighting other attempts at Russification by the authorities. Antanas Smetona, Steponas Kairys, Alfonsas Petrulis, and Mykolas Biržiška were expelled from their secondary schools for these activities.[2] Jonas Basanavičius, the future chairman of the Council of Lithuania when the Act was signed, worked as a physician in Bulgaria and furthered the cause of public health there.[8] Despite the demands of his medical work abroad, he contributed continuously to Lithuanian affairs. He organized the publication of a major underground newspaper, Aušra; its first issue appeared in 1883. Basanavičius was active in Bulgaria's political life as well, representing its Democratic party. Many of the signatories had participated in the 1905 Great Seimas of Vilnius, which shaped the political future of the Lithuanian state.[2][9]

Activities after the Act of Independence

Signator Aleksandras Stulginskis (center) as President of Lithuania in Kaunas' agricultural exhibition, 1924

Most of the signatories remained active in the cultural and political life of independent Lithuania. Jonas Vileišis served in the Lithuanian Parliament and as mayor of Kaunas;[10] Saliamonas Banaitis was involved in finance, opening several banks.[11] Among the signatories were two future Presidents of Lithuania, Antanas Smetona and Aleksandras Stulginskis. Jonas Basanavičius returned to an academic life, pursuing his researches in Lithuanian culture and folklore.[12] Five signatories died before World War II began; three died during the Nazi occupation of Lithuania. Those who did not emigrate to Western countries were arrested as political prisoners after Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union during World War II.[2]

Aleksandras Stulginskis and Petras Klimas were sent to prison in Siberia by Soviet authorities, but survived and returned to Lithuania.[2] Pranas Dovydaitis and Vladas Mironas were also sent to Siberia but died there.[13][14] Kazys Bizauskas was shot along with a number of other prisoners on June 26, 1941 while being transported to a Soviet prison in Minsk.[15] Donatas Malinauskas, along with many other civilians, was deported to Siberia and died there on November 30, 1942. His body was returned from Siberia in 1993 and reburied in Lithuania.[6] Six of the surviving signatories emigrated to Western countries. Brothers Jurgis Šaulys and Kazimieras Steponas Šaulys died in Switzerland; Jonas Vailokaitis died in Germany; Antanas Smetona, Mykolas Biržiška and Steponas Kairys died in the United States.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999). "Chapter 1: Restoration of the State". In Ed. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.). Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918-1940 (Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 24–31. ISBN 0-312-22458-3.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sigitas Jegelavičius. "Vasario 16-osios Akto signatarai" (in Lithuanian). Vilnius University - Lithuanian Electronic Research Academic Network. Archived from the original on 2007-01-28. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
  3. ^ a b c Šenavičius, Antanas (1999). "Lietuvos nepriklausomybės atkūrimo akto teisinė prigimtis ir konstitucinė reikšmė". Istorija xl (in Lithuanian). 40: 23–26. ISSN 1392-0456.
  4. ^ a b c Banevičius, Algirdas (1991). 111 Lietuvos valstybės 1918-1940 politikos veikėjų (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Knyga. pp. 39–153. ISBN 5-89942-585-7.
  5. ^ "Saliamonas Banaitis (1866–1933)" (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos nacionalinis muziejus. Archived from the original on 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
  6. ^ a b 1918 m. vasario 16 d. Nepriklausomybės akto signatarai (in Lithuanian). Kaunas: Kauno apskrities viešoji biblioteka. 1998. Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2007-06-25.
  7. ^ "Vladas Mironas" (in Lithuanian). Seimas. 2005-07-22. Archived from the original on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
  8. ^ Valančiūtė, Janina (2002). "Didi humanitaras ir didis daktaras, tarnavęs Eskulapui ir Lietuvai". Medicina. 38: 103. ISSN 1010-660X.
  9. ^ Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999). Ed. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.). Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918-1940 (Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 0-312-22458-3.
  10. ^ Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Viliešis, Jonas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. VI. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 124–125. LCCN 74-114275.
  11. ^ Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Banaitis, Saliamonas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. I. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. p. 282. LCCN 74-114275.
  12. ^ Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Basanavičius, Jonas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. I. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 307–310. LCCN 74-114275.
  13. ^ Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Dovydaitis, Pranas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. II. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 101–103. LCCN 74-114275.
  14. ^ Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Mironas, Vladas". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. III. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 545–546. LCCN 74-114275.
  15. ^ "Kazys Bizauskas" (in Lithuanian). Seimas. 2006-02-23. Archived from the original on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2007-08-18.

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