The name Silkworm is popularly used for the entire SY and HY family. As a NATO reporting name, it applies only to the land-based variant of the HY-1.[4]
Development
HY-2 missileHY-3 missile
Chinese preparations were underway before receiving the first P-15s and related technical data from the Soviets in 1959. On 8 October 1956, the Fifth Academy was founded - with Qian Xuesen as director - to pursue missile development, and in March 1958 a cruise missile test site was selected at Liaoxi in Liaoning. The first successful missile test was conducted in November 1960 after the withdrawal of Soviet advisors in September due to the Sino-Soviet split. The P-15 was copied to become the SY-1. Production started at the Nanchang Aircraft Manufacturing Company in October 1963 and the first successful test occurred in 1965; production was approved August 1967 and the SY-1 entered service by the end of the decade.[2]
The SY-1 was developed into the improved HY-1; the HY-1 was successfully tested in December 1968 and entered service in 1974.[5]
Operational history
Iran–Iraq War
The Silkworm gained fame in the 1980s when it was used by both sides in the Iran–Iraq War; both countries were supplied by China. During 1987, Iran launched a number of Silkworm missiles from the Faw Peninsula, striking the American-owned, Liberian-flagged tanker Sungari and U.S.-flagged tanker Sea Isle City in October 1987.[6] Five other missiles struck areas in Kuwait earlier in the year. In October 1987, Kuwait's Sea Island offshore oil terminal was hit by an Iranian Silkworm, which was observed to have originated from the Faw peninsula. The attack prompted Kuwait to deploy a Hawk missile battery on Failaka Island to protect the terminal.[7] In December 1987, another Iranian Silkworm was fired at the terminal, but it struck a decoy barge instead.[8] Prior to these attacks the missile's range was thought to be less than 80 kilometres (50 mi), but these attacks proved that the range exceeded 100 kilometres (62 mi) with Kuwaiti military observers seeing that the missiles originated from the area and tracking them on radar along with US satellite imagery of the launch sites.[9]
License produced version of the P-15 Termit.[2] SY-1A variant is upgraded with monopulse seeker and radar altimeter enabling a sea-skimming profile[13] NATO reporting name CSS-N-1 Scrubbrush.[1]
SY-2
A development of SY-1A propelled by solid-fuel rocket sustainer. It forgoes its predecessor's pre-launch fueling process and is smaller, lighter, and longer-ranged (50 km). As the weapon has comparable range to the more-advanced YJ-8A but can use existing launchers and logistical equipment for the SY-1, it entered service to arm some frigates built during the 1990s as well as frigates built prior.[14][1]
HY-1
Essentially a scaled-up SY-1 to extend range to 70 km for coastal defense and, later, warship use. NATO reporting names CSS-N-2 Safflower(ship-based) and CSSC-2 Silkworm (land-based).[1] It saw only limited deployment with coastal artillery units before being superseded by the HY-2 but remained in use as the main anti-ship armament of the 051 class destroyers. HY-1A variant is upgraded with improved conical scan seeker and radar altimeter enabling a sea-skimming profile.[15]
HY-2
A parallel development with HY-1 with a range of 95 km, achieved by redesigning internal layout to enlarge fuel tankage and adopting a more-efficient rocket sustainer. NATO reporting names CSS-N-3 Seersucker(ship-based) and CSSC-3 Seersucker (land-based). Only land-based version is mass-produced.[1] HY-2B variant is upgraded with monopulse seeker and radar altimeter enabling a sea-skimming profile.[16]
^Rostker, Bernard (December 2000). "TAB H – Friendly-fire Incidents". Depleted Uranium in the Gulf (II). United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 2013-06-01. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
