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((Short description|Defunct United States airline))
((Refimprove|date=April 2009))
((Infobox Airline
| airline = Simmons Airlines
| image = [[File:Simmons Airlines Logo.svg]]
| image_size =
| IATA = MQ
| ICAO = SYM
| callsign = SIMMONS
| founded = ((start date and age|1978))
| commenced = ((start date and age|1978))
| ceased = ((start date and age|1998|05|15|mf=y|br=y))<br />Succeeded by: [[Envoy Air]]
| hubs =<div>
*[[Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport]]
*[[O'Hare International Airport]] <small>(Chicago)</small>
*[[Miami International Airport]]</div>
| secondary_hubs = 
| focus_cities = 
| frequent_flyer =
| alliance = 
| subsidiaries = 
| fleet_size = 
| destinations = 
| parent =[[AMR Corporation]] 
| company_slogan = 
| headquarters = [[Marquette, Michigan]] (later [[Chicago, Illinois]])
| key_people = 
| website =
|aoc=|num_employees=))
[[File:N367MQ Shorts SD-360-100 Simmons Airlines ORD 24DEC86 (12609577553).jpg|thumb|Simmons Airlines Shorts SD-360-100]]
'''Simmons Airlines''' was a United States airline. It was the predecessor to [[Envoy Air|American Eagle Airlines]]. Its headquarters were originally near [[Marquette, Michigan]], at the [[Marquette County Airport]] in [[Negaunee Township, Michigan|Negaunee Township]],<ref>((cite news |work = [[The Mining Journal]] |type = Obituary |title = Joel Murray |date = November 11, 2009 |url = http://www.miningjournal.net/page/content.detail/id/536066/Ex-Simmons-Airlines-exec-Murray-dies.html ))</ref> and were eventually moved to the [[Near North Side, Chicago|Near North Side]] of [[Chicago, Illinois]].<ref>((cite web |title = World Airline Directory |work = [[Flight International]] |date = March 14–20, 1990 |url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200779.html?search=%22South%20Central%20Air%22 |page = 127 ))</ref>

== History ==
Simmons Airlines, Inc. began operations in 1978 between [[Marquette, Michigan|Marquette]] and [[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing]] using a [[Piper Navajo]]. Operations expanded in the 1980s to link multiple points in [[Michigan]] to [[Chicago]] and [[Detroit]], and its fleet expanded with [[Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante]], [[Shorts 360]]s, and [[YS-11]]s. It began operating as a [[Republic Airlines (1979–1986)|Republic Express]]-branded [[Regional airlines|carrier]] on April 28, 1985, (later [[Northwest Airlink]]) serving markets from Detroit, and as an [[American Eagle Airlines|American Eagle]]-branded carrier on October 1, 1985, serving markets from Chicago.<ref>((cite news |title = Simmons to Serve 11 Cities as American Airlines Link |newspaper =[[Chicago Tribune]] |date = August 15, 1985 |url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-08-15/business/8502230173_1_american-eagle-simmons-airlines-short-haul ))</ref>

Simmons was acquired by [[AMR Corp.]] on August 8, 1988, and ended Northwest Airlink flights soon after. On May 28, 1993, it acquired certain assets of the holdings of [[Metro Airlines]]. Metro and its holdings [[Metro Airlines|Metro Airlines Leasing]] (d/b/a [[Metro Airlines|Metroflight]]), operated American Eagle flights from [[Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport]] and had recently acquired [[Chaparral Airlines]] just prior the asset acquisition by AMR Simmons.

In 1998 the remaining [[operating certificate|certificated]] regional airline carriers [[Wings West Airlines]] and Flagship Airlines, which were both wholly owned by the AMR Corporation and operating under the American Eagle banner and brand, were merged under the surviving Simmons Airlines [[IATA airline designator|IATA designator]] 'MQ', thus forming a certificated airline named American Eagle Airlines (rather than just an Airlink, Connect, Connection, Eagle, or Express airline [[codeshare]] brand).

== Incidents/accidents ==
* January 19, 1979: A Simmons [[Piper Aerostar]] flying from Lansing to Marquette diverted to [[Gerald R. Ford International Airport|Kent County International Airport]] during freezing rain on January 19, 1979. The plane crashed as the pilot attempted to land, killing the pilot and three passengers and seriously injuring two passengers.<ref>((cite web|title=CHI79FA025, 14 CFR Part 135 Scheduled operation of L.J.SIMMONS|url=https://www.ntsb.gov/aviationquery/brief.aspx?ev_id=37395&key=0|access-date=8 Apr 2013))</ref>
*March 13, 1986 A Simmons Airlines flight 1746, an [[EMB-110P1]], operating as a regularly scheduled flight, departed the [[Detroit Metropolitan Airport]] en route to [[Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan]], with a stop in [[Alpena, Michigan]]. The en route portion of the flight to Alpena was uneventful. However, due to the prevailing instrument meteorological conditions, the crew was unable to complete the instrument landing system (ILS) approach and land and they declared a missed approach at 2142. At 2153, the flight was cleared for a second ILS approach to Alpena. At 2156, the crew acknowledged that radar services were being terminated.’ This was the last transmission from the airplane. About 2215, a motorist reported that the airplane had crashed. The airplane was found in a wooded area about ((convert|300|ft|m)) to the left of the extended centerline, and ((convert|1+1/2|mi|km)) short of the threshold of runway 1 at [[Alpena County Regional Airport]]. The airplane was destroyed and two of the seven passengers and one of the two crewmembers on board were killed.<ref>NTSB Aircraft Accident Report (AAR) number AAR-87/02 ((cite web |url=http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR87-02.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-08-15 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919185202/http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR87-02.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-19 )).</ref>
* October 31, 1994: [[American Eagle Flight 4184]], an [[ATR 72]] operated by Simmons Airlines, crashed near Roselawn, Indiana. The aircraft inverted, dived, and crashed from a holding pattern at 10,000 feet (3050 m) "after a ridge of ice accreted beyond the deice boots" resulting in an unexpected aileron hinge moment reversal that subsequently resulted in the loss of control. The four crew and 64 passengers were all killed. In the months following the accident, American Eagle redeployed its ATR fleet to Miami and the Caribbean where icing is not an issue. The aircraft manufacturer, ATR, has since improved the anti-ice boots. 
* July 9, 1995: American Eagle Flight 4127, an [[ATR 72]] operated by Simmons Airlines, experienced a loss of the rear cabin entry door during its climb after taking off from [[O'Hare International Airport]] in [[Chicago]]. The cabin door opened shortly after the first officer began to pressurize the cabin; therefore, only a slight pressure differential existed between the cabin pressure and the atmospheric pressure. Lack of damage indicates the door was unlocked/unlatched when it opened. The airplane was one of fifteen aircraft equipped with a new handrail and door handle design which was different than the majority of the [[ATR 72]] fleet. The old handle was pulled down to latch/lock the door and pushed up to unlatch/unlock the door. The direction of motion was reversed so that the handle was pushed up to latch/lock the door and pulled down to unlatch/unlock the door. A private citizen located the separated door in approximately two feet of water in the Des Plaines River on July 10, 1995. Following this incident, ATR designed another new door handle design which returns the handle motion to push up to unlatch/unlock, and pull down to latch/lock.<ref>[https://www.ntsb.gov/NTSb/brief.asp?ev_id=20001207X03883&key=1 ] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051128095720/https://www.ntsb.gov/NTSb/brief.asp?ev_id=20001207X03883&key=1 |date=November 28, 2005 ))</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of defunct airlines of the United States]]

== References ==
((Reflist|30em))
*AMR Corp. signs agreement to buy Simmons Airlines. (1988, July 4). ''Aviation Week & Space Technology'', ''129''(1), 69.
((commons category))

((Portal bar|Chicago|Michigan|Companies|Aviation))
((American Airlines))

[[Category:American Airlines]]
[[Category:Defunct airlines of the United States]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1978]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 1998]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:1998 disestablishments in Illinois]]

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