Simorgh (Persian: ماهوارهبر سیمرغ, Phoenix), also called Safir-2, is an Iranian expendable launch vehicle under development.[2][3] It is the successor of the Safir, Iran's first space launch vehicle.[4] Its mission is to carry heavier satellites into higher orbit than Safir.[5]
The project was unveiled by Iranian PresidentMahmoud Ahmadinejad on 3 February 2010, as part of celebrations of the first anniversary of the launch of Omid, the first indigenously launched Iranian satellite,[6] and was launched for the first time on 19 April 2016.[7]
Design
The Simorgh rocket is 26.5 metres (87 ft) long, and has a launch mass of 87 tonnes (192,000 lb). Its first stage with a diameter of 2.4 meters is powered by a cluster of four synchronized Safir-1B first-stage engines with four separate turbopumps, each of these engines generating up to 37,000 kilograms-force (360 kN; 82,000 lbf) of thrust, plus a set of four vernier engines sharing a single turbopump used for attitude control providing an additional 14,000 kgf (140 kN; 31,000 lbf). At liftoff, these engines generate a total 162,000 kgf (1,590 kN; 360,000 lbf) of thrust.[8][9] The second stage with a diameter of 1.5 meters utilizes a set of four smaller engines (originally the vernier engines of the sovietR-27 Zyb[10]) producing 7,000 kgf (69 kN; 15,000 lbf) of thrust.[9][11] The third stage is a solid-fueledSaman-1 upper stage producing 1,300 kgf (13 kN; 2,900 lbf) of thrust.[9][11] Enabling the Simorgh to place a 350-kilogram (770 lb) payload or one main payload and several secondary cubesats into a 500-kilometre (310 mi) low Earth orbit .[1][12]
The Simorgh's total flight time to a 500-530km orbit is between 480 and 495 seconds.[12] First stage's flight time is about 102 seconds.[13] First stage separation takes place at an altitude of 90 km and a velocity of 2300 m/s. Simultaneously second stage engines ignite and the fairing shroud is ejected, the satellite is then accelerated to 7400 m/s and injected into its designated orbit.[12]
In contrast to its predecessor Safir, the Simorgh is integrated and assembled vertically on the launch pad, each stage goes through manufacturing horizontally and is subsequently brought to the launch pad, where final assembly of the stages are completed with the aid of a custom designed service tower.[12]
The Simorgh Launch Pad at Imam Khomeini Space Center.
Reliability
The development of the Simorgh has been marked with difficulties and unreliability of certain sub-systems due to the overcomplexity of its engines and turbopumps. Out of the system's first four launches (two orbital and two sub-orbital launches) there have been three failures, giving the rocket a reliability rating of twenty five percent. There were however, indications of progressive improvements to the design and reliability of the system with each successive launch; with the 2017 launch operating for 120 seconds before failure, the 2019 launch operating 450 seconds before failure, and the 2020 launch operating correctly for 475 seconds out of the 490 seconds of operation required for a successful mission, giving the missions a 25, 92, and 97 percent success rate respectively, indicating a trend of increasing reliability in the design.[12][14][15]
Simorgh operated for 475 seconds. Satellite failed to reach orbit; reached speed of 6,500 m/s out of the 7,400 m/s required. First stage operated fully correctly.[13][20]
5?
12 June 2021
Unknown
Disputed launch existence
U.S. official stated "is aware of an Iranian rocket launch failure". Satellite imagery "looked like a launch" occurred. Iran's Telecommunications Minister denied any launch.[21]
First time Iran launches three cargos at the same time.[5]
Simorgh operated for about 600 seconds (500 seconds for the second stage). Devices didn't enter orbit; reached an altitude of 470 km and a speed of 7,350 m/s, out of the 7,600 m/s required.[23][24]
Gallery
Simorgh during the launch of Payam satellite on 15 January 2021
This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future
Symbol † indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)
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