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((Short description|Motion picture film format))
((Multiple issues|((More citations needed|date=December 2017))((Expand Japanese|date=September 2023))))
[[File:Single 8 cartridge r.jpg|thumb|Cartridge of Single 8 film]]
'''Single-8''' is a [[motion picture]] [[film format]] introduced by [[Fujifilm]] of Japan in 1965 as an alternative to the [[Kodak]] [[Super 8mm film|Super 8]] format. The company Konan (that developed the Konan-16 subminiature camera) claims in its history page to have developed the Single-8 system in 1959.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.konan.com/hp2001/english/company/history.htm|title=Kanon History|last=|first=|date=|website=Konon.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111200426/http://www.konan.com/hp2001/english/company/history.htm|archive-date=2006-11-11|access-date=2006-11-12|df=))</ref>

Although never as popular internationally as Super 8, the format continued to live in parallel. As of 2023, Fuji is no longer manufacturing Single-8 film.<ref name=":0">((Cite web |title=Fuji Announces The End of Single-8 Movie Film |url=https://www.retrothing.com/2009/06/fuji-announces-the-end-of-single8-movie-film.html |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=Retro Thing))</ref> The last 2 film stocks to cease production were [[Fujichrome]] R25N, a [[color temperature|Daylight Balanced]] [[Filmstock]], in 2012, and Fujichrome RT200N, which was [[color temperature|Tungsten Balanced(3400K)]] for indoor filming, in 2010.<ref name=":0" />

==Details==
Although the film is thinner, the other dimensions of Single-8 such as the sprocket holes and sound track are the same as [[Super 8mm film|Super 8]]. Single-8 can be projected in Super 8 projectors and vice versa. Single-8 comes pre-loaded in B-shaped cartridges, with two separate spools unlike the coaxial system of Super 8. As a result, Single-8 film offered unlimited rewind, whereas Super 8 rewind was limited to several seconds and relied on there being sufficient empty space within the cartridge for the rewound film to pile up inside.

The Single 8 cartridge was designed to use the camera's film gate to hold the film in place during exposure.  This contrasted with the [[Kodak]] system which had a [[plastic]] pressure plate built into the cartridge. It was widely believed by Single 8 enthusiasts that this would offer superior film positioning, but the reality was that Super 8's plastic pressure plate could be moulded with far smaller tolerance than Single 8's metal version could be machined.

It has a [[polyester]] base that is thinner than the Kodak films, so splicing the two formats together in a finished film may require adjustment of the projector's focus at the join.

Although never as popular internationally as Super 8, the format continued to live in parallel. As of early  2007, Fuji was manufacturing two versions of Single-8 film. [[Fujichrome]] R25N was [[color temperature|Daylight Balanced]] [[Filmstock]], while Fujichrome RT200N was [[color temperature|Tungsten Balanced(3400K)]] for indoor filming. The [[Sound Film]] brand is no longer made, although a magnetic sound stripe could be added to the film after processing. This option was chosen whenever sending the exposed film to Fuji in Japan. In addition to Fuji's own film, [[black and white film]] is available from Japanese company Retro Enterprises. This Single-8 black & white [[reversal film]], named Retro X, is of [[Film speed|ASA]]/[[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] 200 and is manufactured in Germany.

Although Fujifilm stopped exportation of Single-8 Film to other countries, individual companies in the United States and [[Europe]] import the filmstock independently. Single-8 is readily available in its home country of Japan where even used cameras can reach high prices in [[online auction]]s on [[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Japan]]. A used [[Fujica]] ZC1000, the top-of-the-line Single-8 [[camera]], can fetch prices upwards to 250,000 [[Japanese yen]] (approx $2900). [[Gainax|Daicon Film]] of Japan (now [[Gainax]]) produced a series of well-known [[tokusatsu]] films in the 1980s using Single-8 film, some of which are now available on [[DVD]].

== Processing Single-8 Film ==

Fuji's Single-8 developing process is not the same as Process EM-26, but is similar. There is more involved in the removal of the remjet antihalation backing than the now long discontinued [[Kodak]] Ektachrome Process EM-26 films. The color chemistry, while close, is slightly different, particularly the [[Photographic developer#Colour development|color development]].((cn|date=April 2022))

It was often recommended to send Fuji Single-8 film to [[Fujifilm]] in Japan for processing, however processing ended in 2013.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*[[List of film formats]]

==References==
((Reflist))

== External links ==
===General===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060212153255/http://www.single8film.com/ American website providing Single 8 info and manuals]
([[Wayback Machine]] copy)
*[http://www.sparetimelabs.com/animato/animato/filmhist/filmhist.html Film formats history]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060210090502/http://www.gainax.co.jp/anime/daicon/ultra.html Info on "Return of Ultraman", movie shot in Single-8 with a Fujica ZC1000 camera. Japanese only.]
(Wayback Machine copy)

===Commercial sites offering filmstock and processing===
*[http://www.super8.nl/english/e_index.htm Super8 Reversal Lab Netherlands, a company selling most Single-8 films and processing some stocks] 
*[http://www.retro8.com/english/englishindex.html  Retro Enterprises, in Tokyo, Japan - source Single-8 (and other format) films and processing]
((Fujifilm))

[[Category:Audiovisual introductions in 1965]]
[[Category:Motion picture film formats]]
[[Category:Fujifilm]]

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