Sippenhaft or Sippenhaftung (German: [ˈzɪpənˌhaft(ʊŋ)], kin liability) is a German term for the idea that a family or clan shares the responsibility for a crime or act committed by one of its members,[1][2] justifying collective punishment. As a legal principle, it was derived from Germanic law in the Middle Ages, usually in the form of fines and compensations. It was adopted by Nazi Germany to justify the punishment of kin (relatives, spouse) for the offence of a family member. Punishment often involved imprisonment and execution, and was applied to relatives of the conspirators of the failed 1944 bomb plot to assassinate Hitler.

Origins

Prior to the adoption of Roman law and Christianity, Sippenhaft was a common legal principle among Germanic peoples, including Anglo-Saxons and Scandinavians.[3] Germanic laws distinguished between two forms of justice for severe crimes such as murder: blood revenge, or extrajudicial killing; and blood money, pecuniary restitution or fines in lieu of revenge, based on the weregild or "man price" determined by the victim's wealth and social status.[4] The principle of Sippenhaft meant that the family or clan of an offender, as well as the offender, could be subject to revenge or could be liable to pay restitution.[5] Similar principles were common to Celts, Teutons, and Slavs.[6]

Nazi Germany

In Nazi Germany, the term was revived to justify the punishment of kin (relatives, spouse) for the offence of a family member. In that form of Sippenhaft, the relatives of persons accused of crimes against the state were held to share the responsibility for those crimes and subject to arrest and sometimes execution.

Stolpersteine of two of the Leiss family in Moers, punished due to the desertion of Wenzeslaus Leiss.
Heinrich Himmler in 1945
Erwin Rommel in 1942

Examples of Sippenhaft being used as a threat exist within the Wehrmacht from around 1943. Soldiers accused of having "blood impurities" or soldiers conscripted from outside of Germany also began to have their families threatened and punished with Sippenhaft. An example is the case of Panzergrenadier Wenzeslaus Leiss, who was accused of desertion on the Eastern Front in December 1942. After the Düsseldorf Gestapo discovered supposed Polish links in the Leiss family, in February 1943 his wife, two-year-old daughter, two brothers, sister and brother-in-law were arrested and executed at Sachsenhausen concentration camp. By 1944, several general and individual directives were ordered within divisions and corps, threatening troops with consequences against their families.

Many people who had committed no crimes were arrested and punished under Sippenhaft decrees introduced after the failed 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler in July 1944.[7]: 121–166 After the failure of the 20 July plot, the SS chief Heinrich Himmler told a meeting of Gauleiters in Posen that he would "introduce absolute responsibility of kin ... a very old custom practiced among our forefathers". According to Himmler, this practice had existed among the ancient Teutons. "When they placed a family under the ban and declared it outlawed or when there was a blood feud in the family, they were utterly consistent. ... This man has committed treason; his blood is bad; there is traitor's blood in him; that must be wiped out. And in the blood feud the entire clan was wiped out down to the last member. And so, too, will Count Stauffenberg's family be wiped out down to the last member."[8] Accordingly, the members of the family of von Stauffenberg (the officer who had planted the bomb that failed to kill Hitler) were all under suspicion. His wife, Nina Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, was sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp (she survived and lived until 2006). His brother Alexander, who knew nothing of the plot and was serving with the Wehrmacht in Greece, was also sent to a concentration camp. Similar punishments were meted out to the relatives of Carl Goerdeler, Henning von Tresckow, Adam von Trott zu Solz and many other conspirators. Erwin Rommel opted to commit suicide, rather than being tried for his suspected role in the plot, in part because he knew that his wife and children would suffer well before his own all-but-certain conviction and execution.

After the 20 July plot, numerous families connected to the Soviet-sponsored League of German Officers made up of German prisoners of war, such as those of Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach and Friedrich Paulus, were also arrested. Unlike a number of the 20 July conspirators families, those arrested for connection to the League were not released after a few months but remained in prison until the end of the war. Younger children of arrested plotters were not jailed but sent to orphanages under new names. Stauffenberg's children were renamed "Meister".[9]

After 20 July 1944 these threats were extended to include all German troops, in particular, German commanders. A decree of February 1945 threatened death to the relatives of military commanders who showed what Hitler regarded as cowardice or defeatism in the face of the enemy. After the surrender of Königsberg to the Soviets in April 1945, the family of the German commander General Otto Lasch were arrested. These arrests were publicized in the Völkischer Beobachter.[7]: 53–88 

Present legal status

The principle of Sippenhaftung is considered incompatible with German Basic Law, and therefore has no legal definition.[citation needed]

Modern use

See also: Detention of Rocío San Miguel

The Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Venezuela concluded in a September 2021 report that Venezuelan security and intelligence agents reportedly applied the principle of Sippenhaftung, using methods including the kidnapping and detention of relatives of critics, real or perceived, to accomplish arrests.[10][11][12][13][14]

See also

References

  1. ^ Black, Harry; Cirullies, Horst; Marquard, Günter Marquard (1967). Polec: dictionary of politics and economics = dictionnaire de politique et d'économie = Lexikon für Politik und Wirtschaft. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 786. ISBN 9783110008920. OCLC 815964978. Usual practice in totalitarian states ... to prosecute the innocent dependents of a person being prosecuted, condemned or escaped.
  2. ^ Pine, Lisa (2013-06-01). "Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth". German History. 31 (2): 272–273. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghs131. ISSN 0266-3554.
  3. ^ Bartrop, Paul R.; Dickerman, Michael (2017-09-15). The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781440840845.
  4. ^ Tuori, Kaius (2014-09-19). Lawyers and Savages: Ancient History and Legal Realism in the Making of Legal Anthropology. Routledge. ISBN 9781317815990.
  5. ^ "Interrogational Torture in Criminal Proceedings" (PDF). Institut für Rechtspolitik. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  6. ^ Thakur, Upendra (2003-06-01). An Introduction to Homicide in India Ancient and Early Medieval Period. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 9788170170747.
  7. ^ a b Loeffel, Robert (2012). Family Punishment in Nazi Germany, Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth. Palgrave. ISBN 9780230343054.
  8. ^ Fest, Joachim (1996). Plotting Hitler's Death. New York: Henry Holt. p. 303. ISBN 0080504213.
  9. ^ Loeffel, Robert (2007). "Sippenhaft, Terror and Fear in Nazi Germany: Examining One Facet of Terror in the Aftermath of the Plot of 20 July 1944". Contemporary European History. 16 (1): 51–69. doi:10.1017/S0960777306003626. S2CID 161527461.
  10. ^ Casanova, Mayreth (2022-10-02). "Sippenhaft, el patrón alemán con el que torturan a presos políticos en Venezuela". El Pitazo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-11-07. Un acusado de participar en la Operación Gedeón dijo al Tribunal de Control en su audiencia preliminar que agentes de la Dgcim lo torturaron y le dijeron que aplicarían el 'Sippenhaft', una táctica de castigo colectivo utilizada por los nazis.
  11. ^ "Qué es el Sippenhaft, el método de persecución nazi usado por la dictadura chavista que denunció la ONU". infobae (in Spanish). 16 September 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-17. En el caso de un acusado de participar en la Operación Gedeón (una incursión marítima en mayo de 2020), relató que en su audiencia preliminar, agentes de la Dirección General de Contrainteligencia Militar (DGCIM) "lo torturaron y le dijeron que aplicarían el Sippenhaft (una táctica de castigo colectivo utilizada por los nazis)".
  12. ^ García, Eileen (2021-09-17). "¿Qué es el Sippenhaft, el método de persecución nazi usado por las fuerzas de Maduro?". El Nacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-11-07. Además, dijo al Tribunal de Control que, tras negarse a hacer las declaraciones que le plantearon, los funcionarios le dijeron que aplicarían el Sippenhaft.
  13. ^ Itriago, Andreína (2021-09-16). "El Sippenhaft, la táctica nazi que según ONU usan agentes venezolanos". Bloomberg Línea (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-11-07. Un acusado de participar en la Operación Gedeón dijo al Tribunal de Control en su audiencia preliminar que agentes de la DGCIM lo torturaron y le dijeron que aplicarían el 'Sippenhaft'. Detuvieron posteriormente a sus hermanas y a su cuñado
  14. ^ Detailed findings of the independent international factfinding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (PDF). United Nations. 16 September 2021. p. 109. He told the Control Court that after refusing to make declarations posed to him during the interrogation session, the DGCIM members told him they would apply 'Sippenhaft' (a collective punishment tactic used by the Nazis), involving the imprisonment of his relatives as a form of pressure.

Further reading

Categories