A protester in New York City on 27 February 2022, holding a sign that reads "Glory to Ukraine! Glory to the heroes!" The phrase gained worldwide prominence as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
The Monument of Independence (inaugurated in 1991) in Kharkiv includes the phrase

"Glory to Ukraine!" (Ukrainian: Слава Україні!, romanized: Slava Ukraïni!, IPA: [ˈsɫaʋɐ ʊkrɐˈjinʲi] ⓘ) is a Ukrainian national salute, known as a symbol of Ukrainian sovereignty and resistance to foreign aggression. It is the battle cry of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. It is often accompanied by the response "Glory to the heroes!" (Ukrainian: Героям слава!, romanized: Heroiam slava!, IPA: [ɦeˈrɔjɐm ˈsɫaʋɐ]).

The phrase first appeared at the beginning of the 20th century in different variations, when it became popular among Ukrainians during the Ukrainian War of Independence from 1917 to 1921.[1] The response "Glory to the heroes!" first appeared during the Ukrainian War of Independence or later in the 1920s among members of the League of Ukrainian Nationalists.[2] In 1930s it became widespread as a slogan of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN),[3] as well as Ukrainian diaspora groups and refugee communities in the West during the Cold War. In the Soviet Union the phrase was forbidden and discredited by Soviet and later Russian authorities. The phrase eventually resurfaced in Ukraine during the country's struggle for independence in connection with the fall of the Soviet Union. Its use was revived again during the 2014 Ukrainian revolution and the Russo-Ukrainian War, during which it became a widely popular symbol in Ukraine.

The phrase has gained worldwide attention during the ongoing 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and has subsequently been used in protests in support of Ukraine around the world.[4] It has been used in speeches by Ukrainian politicians like President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, as well as numerous foreign leaders.

History

Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko used the phrase in the form "Glory of Ukraine" in a 1860 poem

Origins

Ukrainian historians argue that the greeting has his roots in Taras Shevchenko’s works.[5] In his 1840 poem To Osnovianenko Shevchenko used phrase "Glory of Ukraine":[6][7]

Our thought, our song
Will not die, will not perish…
Oh there, people, is our glory,
Glory of Ukraine!

Records of the 15 March 1917 Rada "in support of a democratic and independent Ukraine", from the journal "Nowa Rada". The phrase Glory to Ukraine is underlined.

The first known case of the use of a phrase "Glory to Ukraine!" as a greeting with the response "Glory all around the world!" (Ukrainian: По всій землі слава, Po vsiy zemli slava) occured within the Ukrainian student community of the late 19th to early 20th centuries in Kharkiv.[1][7]

Ukrainian War of Independence (1917-21)

The phrase was popularised during the Ukrainian War of Independence (from 1917 to 1921).[2][3] During this period, the slogan "Glory to Ukraine!", as well as the similar ones like "Long live Ukraine!" could be heard often at patriotic gatherings and demonstrations within Ukraine, as well as among the diaspora.[1] According to historian Yana Prymachenko it was used in the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic by the regiment of the Black Zaporozhians [uk], commanded by Petro Dyachenko, with the form "Glory to Ukraine!" - "Glory to the Cossacks!", as well as by other military formations with a variety of different responses.[7] After the coup d'état and the assumption of power by Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi, the response in the Ukrainian army was "Glory to Hetman!".[7][1] The status of the slogan in the army of the UPR was formalised on 19 April 1920, when, under an order of Commander-in-Chief Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko regulating drill rules in the army, soldiers were obliged to respond "Glory to Ukraine!" when receiving praise or thanks for their service to the homeland.[1]

Insurgents fighting in Kholodny Yar, the last bastion of Ukrainian anti-Soviet resistance in 1919-22, also used a similar salute. According to Yakiv Vodianyi's memoirs published in 1928, it was: "Glory to Ukraine!" and the reply "Eternal glory!". And according to Yuriy Horlis-Horskyi's memoirs published in 1933, the insurgents greeted each other by saying "Glory to Ukraine!" and responding with the same. [1]

Interwar period

The tradition of greeting each other using "Glory to Ukraine!" was continued by veterans of the Ukrainian army in exile.[1] The Ukrainian National Cossack Association (UNAKOTO), operating in Germany, under the leadership of a former associate of Hetman Skoropadsky, Ivan Poltavets-Ostryanitsa [uk], established on 10 July 1925 a new salute obligatory for members of the organization: "Glory to Ukraine!" - "Glory to cossacks!".[1]

"Glory to Ukraine!" was also commonly used by Ukrainian nationalists in the 1920s and 1930s.[8][9] In 1930s it became widespread as a slogan of the Ukrainian Military Organisation (UVO), and later Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN).[10][1] According to press reports, during the trials of OUN members after the assassination of Bronisław Pieracki, the accused performed fascist salutes to the words "Glory to Ukraine!".[11][1] At the Second Grand Congress of the OUN on 27 August 1939 in Rome, the response "Glory to the leader!", who was then Andriy Melnyk, was officially adopted, but it was in use since at least 1929 by the members of UVO.[12][1]

"Glory to Ukraine!" also emerged as a salute among members of the Ukrainian scout organization Plast, where it gradually supplanted the original salute "SKOB!", in the form: "Glory to Ukraine!" - "Glory, Glory, Glory!" This salute is still used by members of Plast.[1] Many members of Plast belonged as well to the OUN, which contributed to the popularity of the greeting.[1]

UPA propaganda poster. OUN-UPA's formal greeting is written in Ukrainian on two of the horizontal lines: "Glory to Ukraine—Glory to (her) Heroes"

According to Yana Prymachenko the response "Glory to the heroes!" (Heroiam slava!) was in use already in years 1917-1921, during the Ukrainian war of independence.[7] In Petro Dyachenko's memoirs, it is reported that at a meeting of the Legion of Ukrainian Nationalists (LUN), which was active in 1925-29, Yuriy Artyushenko [uk] proposed to adopt the Black Zaporozhians [uk] salute "Glory to Ukraine!" - "Glory to the Cossacks!". This proposal was accepted with a change of response to the more universal "Glory to the heroes!".[13] However, in the memoirs of Artyushenko himself, there is no such information, but there is a mention of the acceptance of the greeting "Glory to Ukraine!" and the response "Glory to Ukraine, Glory!".[1]

Second World War

During the German occupation of Poland after September 1939, Ukrainian organisations were able to develop extensive activities. OUN activists were involved in the work of the Ukrainian Central Committee and its local branches. After a time, this contributed to the development of national consciousness among Ukrainians in the General Government and the spread of the OUN greeting.[14] In July 1940, a Ukrainian observer from the Włodawa area noted: We have not yet seen in our lives such an educated, so organised rural youth. Every child who passed by us raised his hand and greeted: "Glory to Ukraine".[15]

The new salute with calling "Glory to Ukraine!" and responding "Glory to the Heroes!" has been adapted by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists in April 1941.[16][17][18][19][20] The greeting became especially popular during the failed attempt to build a Ukrainian state on lands occupied by Germany after its invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, when triumphal arches with these slogans were erected in numerous Ukrainian cities.[21] Many ordinary Ukrainians abandoned the customary Christian greeting "Glory to Jesus Christ" (Slava Isusu Khrystu) in favour of a new national greeting.[22] For this reason, many religious leaders, including Greek-Catholic Metropolitan Andriy Sheptytskyi, criticised the OUN for the new greeting.[23]

Soviet era and late 20th century

In the Soviet Union, the slogan "Slava Ukraini!" was forbidden and discredited via a decades-long propaganda campaign alongside the diaspora Ukrainian nationalists who used it.[24][2] They were dubbed "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists", "Banderites", and "Nazi henchmen" by Soviet authorities.[24]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the slogan began to be heard at rallies and demonstrations.[2] After Ukraine declared independence in 1991, the phrase "Glory to Ukraine!" became a common patriotic slogan.[citation needed] In 1995, President of the United States Bill Clinton used the phrase in a speech in Kyiv[25] (together with "God bless America").[26]

Russo-Ukrainian War

A debit card from Ukrainian PrivatBank with the phrase and "Glory to the heroes" response

The phrase has undergone a resurgence in recent times, becoming a popular and prominent refrain during the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, and a symbol of democracy and of resistance against Putin's Russia following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[24] Canadian historian Serhy Yekelchyk writes that "the nationalist greeting from the 1940s [...] acquired new meaning on the Maidan", and that "when used by protestors, [the slogan] referred to a hoped-for democratic and pro-Western Ukraine and regarded as heroes those who had fallen in service to their cause."[27] According to political scientist Vyacheslav Likhachev, even variations that had far-right connotations lost that meaning during Euromaidan, for example, nearly every public speech, as well as public greetings began/ended with "Glory to Ukraine – glory to the heroes!" He noted that by the Equality March in 2021, the annual LGBTQ+ event in Kyiv, other variations like "Glory to the nation – death to the enemies!" were chanted by participants spontaneously. They had long become ubiquitous enough to lose any aggressive meaning.[28]

On 9 August 2018, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko announced that "Glory to Ukraine!" would be the official greeting of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, replacing "Hello comrades" (Ukrainian: Вітаю товариші, romanized: Vitayu tovaryshi).[29] The greeting was used during the Kyiv Independence Day Parade on 24 August 2018.[30] The Ukrainian parliament approved the President's bill on this (in its first reading) on 6 September and on 4 October 2018.[31] Parliament also made Glory to Ukraine the official greeting of the National Police of Ukraine.[32]

The popularization of the phrase was sometimes controversial abroad. After Croatia's 2018 FIFA World Cup victory, Croatia's assistant coach was fined by the football governing body FIFA after posting a video in which he used the slogan. In response, on 10 July 2018, Ukrainian supporters flooded FIFA's Facebook page with over 158,000 comments, most saying "Glory to Ukraine!". Russia alleged that the chant has ultra-nationalist connotations.[33] The Football Federation of Ukraine said in a statement that "'Glory to Ukraine' is a commonly used greeting in Ukraine," and that it "should not be interpreted as an act of aggression or provocation".[34]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

"Slava Ukraini" sign at an anti-war protest in Washington, D.C., 27 February 2022

This phrase became very popular among Ukrainian soldiers and their supporters to boost morale following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[35][36] The slogan has seen worldwide use by protesters in solidarity with Ukraine all over the world, accompanying various demands towards the Russian embassies and the relevant national governments such as excluding Russia from SWIFT and closing airspace over Ukraine.[37]

It has been used in speeches by numerous Ukrainian politicians including President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.[38] It has also been used by foreign leaders including European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen,[39] former British Prime Minister Boris Johnson,[40] former New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern,[41] Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte,[42] Croatian Prime Minister Andrej Plenković,[43] former U.S. Speaker Nancy Pelosi[44] and the UK's Permanent Representative Barbara Woodward in a speech to the UN.[45] It has been used by commentators and media such as The Times.[46]

Impact

Music

The Norwegian Armed Forces' official composer Marcus Paus composed the song "Slava Ukraini!," loosely inspired by Ukraine's national anthem. Paus released the work on Facebook[47] on 27 February 2022 and described it as a song of resistance; it was recorded two days later by Lithuanian-Norwegian viola player Povilas Syrrist-Gelgota of the Oslo Philharmonic, and was broadcast shortly afterwards by the Norwegian government broadcaster, NRK.[48][49][50][51][52] Paus said that "the work seems to strike a chord with many people, including those who are in the middle of the battle zone. There is no nobler task for music than to unite and comfort people."[48]

Beyond Europe, the song "Glory to Hong Kong" drew inspiration from the slogan for use in the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests.[53] The Chinese edition of Deutsche Welle named "Glory to Hong Kong" the "anthem" of the Hong Kong protests.[54] Describing the song, Chinese Television System News in Taiwan noted that the song had "peaceful vocals coupled with scenes of bloody conflicts between Hong Kong Police and the people" and that by creating "Glory to Hong Kong", Hongkongers recorded their "history of struggling for democracy and freedom".[55]

Commemorative currency

The 2 euro commemorative coin issued by the Bank of Estonia in 2022 features the words "Slava Ukraini" (Glory to Ukraine), which was designed by Daria Titova, a Ukrainian refugee studying at the Estonian Academy of Arts.[56][57]

Notes

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Yuriy Yuzych. ""Glory to Ukraine!": Who and when was the slogan created?". Istorychna Pravda. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d Why Is the International Media Still Repeating Kremlin Propaganda about Ukraine? Archived 20 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Atlantic Council (13 July 2018)
    (in Ukrainian) k"Glory to Ukraine!" – the story of the slogan of the struggle for independence Archived 24 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Free Europe (19 June 2017)
  3. ^ a b Radeljić, Branislav (18 January 2021). The Unwanted Europeanness?: Understanding Division and Inclusion in Contemporary Europe. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-068425-4. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023. For instance, the chant, "Glory to Ukraine!" (Slava Ukraini!), followed by "Glory to the Heroes!" (Heroiam slava!), had its origins in Ukraine's national revolution of 1917-1920, but it became widespread as a slogan under the wing of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) under the leadership of Stepan Bandera.
  4. ^ "'Glory to Ukraine': hundreds of thousands march against Russian invasion". France 24. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  5. ^ Yermolenko 2019, p. 8.
  6. ^ "До Основ'яненка. Тарас Шевченко. Повне зібрання творів. Том. 1". Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d e Yermolenko 2019, p. 58.
  8. ^ Rossoliński-Liebe 2014, p. 152.
  9. ^ Norris, Stephen M. (3 November 2020). Museums of Communism: New Memory Sites in Central and Eastern Europe. Indiana University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-253-05031-1. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023. The trial also marked the first time ON members performed a fascist salute in public: Vira Svientsitska, as she was taking the stand, turned toward her fellow defendants, raised her right arm, and declared "Slava Ukraini!" (Glory to Ukraine). All the defendants were found guilty and received life imprisonment; at the end of the verdict, Bandera shouted "Iron and blood will decide between us." His fellow OUN members responded with a shout of "Slava Ukraini!".
  10. ^ Radeljić, Branislav (18 January 2021). The Unwanted Europeanness?: Understanding Division and Inclusion in Contemporary Europe. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-068425-4. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023. For instance, the chant, "Glory to Ukraine!" (Slava Ukraini!), followed by "Glory to the Heroes!" (Heroiam slava!), had its origins in Ukraine's national revolution of 1917-1920, but it became widespread as a slogan under the wing of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) under the leadership of Stepan Bandera.
  11. ^ Rossoliński-Liebe 2014, p. 535.
  12. ^ Rossoliński-Liebe 2014, p. 172-173.
  13. ^ Джулай, Дмитро; Набока, Марічка (4 June 2019). "«Слава Україні!» – історія гасла боротьби за незалежність". Радіо Свобода (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  14. ^ Zajączkowski 2015, p. 153-154.
  15. ^ Zajączkowski 2015, p. 154.
  16. ^ Rossoliński-Liebe 2014, p. 536-537.
  17. ^ Katchanovski, Ivan (2014). "The Politics of World War II in Contemporary Ukraine". Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 27 (2): 210–233. doi:10.1080/13518046.2013.844493. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018.
  18. ^ Why Is the International Media Still Repeating Kremlin Propaganda about Ukraine? Archived 20 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Atlantic Council (13 July 2018) (in Ukrainian) k"Glory to Ukraine!" – the story of the slogan of the struggle for independence Archived 24 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Free Europe (19 June 2017)
  19. ^ Rudling, Per Anders (30 September 2017). "www.german-foreign-policy.com interviewed Per Anders Rudling about the roots that gave rise to the Ukrainian far right". Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  20. ^ Radeljić, Branislav (18 January 2021). The Unwanted Europeanness?: Understanding Division and Inclusion in Contemporary Europe. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-068425-4. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023. For instance, the chant, "Glory to Ukraine!" (Slava Ukraini!), followed by "Glory to the Heroes!" (Heroiam slava!), had its origins in Ukraine's national revolution of 1917-1920, but it became widespread as a slogan under the wing of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) under the leadership of Stepan Bandera.
  21. ^ Rossoliński-Liebe 2014, p. 221.
  22. ^ Rossoliński-Liebe 2014, p. 221-222.
  23. ^ Rossoliński-Liebe 2014, p. 224.
  24. ^ a b c "New 'Glory to Ukraine' army chant invokes nationalist past". Deutsche Welle. 24 August 2018. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  25. ^ Broder, John M. (13 May 1995). "Clinton Lauds Kiev for 'Taking the Hard Road'". Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  26. ^ Jehl, Douglas (13 May 1995). "Thousands Turn Out to Cheer Clinton in Ukraine". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  27. ^ Yekelchyk, Serhy (24 November 2020). Ukraine: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-19-753210-2. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  28. ^ Likhachev, Vyacheslav (1 February 2022). Mörner, Ninna (ed.). "Far Right, Revolution and Symbols in Ukraine". Centre for Baltic and East European Studies. 2021: 177–185. ISBN 978-91-85139-13-2. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2022 – via diva.
  29. ^ Poroshenko, Petro. "President: The words "Glory to Ukraine! Glory to the Heroes!" will be the official greetings of the Armed Forces of our state". PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE Official website. Government of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  30. ^ "Ukraine's Independence Day military parade in Kyiv". The Ukrainian Week. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  31. ^ Ukraine's parliament approves new army, police greeting Archived 9 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine, UNIAN (4 October 2018)
  32. ^ Rada approves salute 'Glory to Ukraine' in Ukrainian army Archived 20 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Interfax-Ukraine (4 October 2018)
  33. ^ "World Cup 2018 Gets Political: The Nazi and anti-Russian Roots of 'Glory to Ukraine'". Ha'aretz. 15 July 2018. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  34. ^ "Angry Ukraine Fans Deluge FIFA's Facebook Page With Posts". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  35. ^ Schreck, Carl (7 September 2018). "'Glory To Ukraine!' Is The New National Team's Soccer Slogan A Rallying Cry Or A Fascist Call?". rferl.org. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  36. ^ Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (11 March 2022). "Europe's Trains Take Fighters to Ukraine, and Bring Back Refugees". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022. 'Slava Ukraini,' he whispered, repeating the rallying cry 'Glory to Ukraine' that's galvanized the country.
  37. ^ Articles, The Times Leading. "The Times view on Ukraine's courage: Slava Ukraini!". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  38. ^ "'We won't put down weapons': Zelenskyy vows to fight on in Kyiv". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  39. ^ "Speech by President von der Leyen at the European Parliament Plenary on the Russian aggression against Ukraine". European Commission. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  40. ^ "PM statement to the House of Commons on Ukraine: 24 February 2022". Gov.uk. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022. And in that spirit I join you in saying slava Ukraini.
  41. ^ "Russia invasion of Ukraine: 'Slava Ukraini' - NZ Parliament condemns 'bully' Putin". NZ Herald. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  42. ^ "Rutte spreekt Oekraïners toe in videoboodschap: 'Slava Ukraini!'" (in Dutch). RTL Nieuws. 3 March 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  43. ^ "Danas smo svi Ukrajinci! Slava Ukrajini! O sudbini Kijeva ovisi budućnost Europe!". Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  44. ^ "'Slava Ukraini': Zelenskyy becomes Congress' great unifier". AP News. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  45. ^ "If we do not stand up now, then every nation is at risk: UK statement to the General Assembly on Ukraine". Gov.uk. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022. So our message today is simple: We offer our unequivocal support for Ukraine and the Ukrainian people. We call on President Putin to stop this senseless war. And we urge all fellow Members of the United Nations to speak up for Ukraine and to defend the Charter. Slava Ukraini!
  46. ^ "The Times view on Ukraine's courage: Slava Ukraini!". The Times. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  47. ^ Paus, Marcus. "Slava Ukraini!". Facebook. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  48. ^ a b "Marcus Paus om sitt nye verk: – Jeg skrev 'Slava Ukraini!' fordi jeg ikke kunne la være" [Marcus Paus on his new work: I wrote 'Slava Ukraini!' because I had to]. Kulturplot. Norwegian News Agency. 4 March 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  49. ^ "Klassisk vorspiel: Marcus Paus – Slava Ukraini". NRK. 4 March 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  50. ^ "Marcus Paus: Slava Ukraini!". Norsk Musikforlag. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  51. ^ Syrrist-Gelgota, Povilas. "Marcus Paus "Slava Ukraini" for viola solo". YouTube. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  52. ^ Paus, Marcus. "Slava Ukraini!". Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  53. ^ "Hong Kong Protesters Draw Inspiration from Ukraine's Maidan | Wilson Center". Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  54. ^ 香港抗议运动的"主题曲" (in Simplified Chinese). Deutsche Welle. 1 September 2019. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  55. ^ 港人自創"願榮光歸香港" MV撼人心 (in Traditional Chinese). Chinese Television System. 6 September 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  56. ^ "Ukrainian refugee's 'Slava Ukraini' design chosen for new Estonian €2 coin". ERR News. 5 May 2022. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  57. ^ "The two-euro coin for Ukraine will use a design by a student refugee from the war". The Bank of Estonia. 5 May 2022. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.

Bibliography

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