Small Arms Survey
Formation1999
HeadquartersGeneva
Director
Mark Downes
Parent organization
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies
Websitehttps://www.smallarmssurvey.org/

The Small Arms Survey (SAS) is an independent research project located at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. It provides information on all aspects of small arms and armed violence, as a resource for governments, policy-makers, researchers, and activists, as well as research on small arms issues.

The survey monitors national and international initiatives (governmental and non-governmental), and acts as a forum and clearinghouse for the sharing of information. It also disseminates best practice measures and initiatives dealing with small arms issues.

SAS's mandate is to look at all aspects of small arms and armed violence. It provides research and analysis by which to support governments to reduce the incidence of armed violence and illicit trafficking through evidence-based analysis.

The project's staff includes international experts in security studies, political science, law, international public policy, development studies, economics, conflict resolution, and sociology. The staff works closely with a worldwide network of researchers and partners.[1][2][3]

History

The Small Arms Survey was established in 1999 «on the initiative» of Switzerland's Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA)[4] and «in conjunction with other interested governments».[5] They placed the project under the tutelage of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID).[4]

In July 1999, Keith Krause (born 1960) became the founder and programme director. The Canadian political scientist, who wrote his PhD thesis at Oxford University on the issue of international arms transfers and has been a professor of international politics at the IHEID since 1994, remained in that position until December 2015.[6]

Focus projects

The Small Arms Survey hosts the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development Secretariat.[7]

The Small Arms Survey's Human Security Baseline Assessment for Sudan and South Sudan project supports violence reduction initiatives, including disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration programmes, incentive schemes for civilian arms collections and security sector reform, and arms control interventions across Sudan.[8][9]

The Security Assessment in North Africa project supports efforts to build a more secure environment in North Africa and the Sahel-Sahara region. The project produces evidence-based research and analysis on the availability and circulation of small arms, the dynamics of emerging armed groups, and related insecurity. The research stresses the effects of the recent uprisings and armed conflicts in the region on community safety.[10]

2018 report

In 2018, Small Arms Survey reported that there are over one billion small arms distributed globally, of which 857 million (about 85 percent) are in civilian hands.[11][12] According to Small Arms Survey's estimates, U.S. civilians alone account for 393 million (about 46 percent) of the worldwide total of civilian held firearms.[13][12] This amounts to "120.5 firearms for every 100 residents."[12]

According to the report, the world's armed forces control about 133 million (about 13 percent) of the global total of small arms, of which over 43 percent belong to two countries: the Russian Federation (30.3 million) and China (27.5 million).[11] And, the world's law enforcement agencies control about 23 million (about 2 percent) of the global total of small arms.[11]

Global distribution of firearms

Small Arms Survey estimates of worldwide firearms holdings, 2017[14][15][16][17]
Location Civilian held firearms Population 2017 Civilian held firearms per 100 persons Military held firearms Law enforcement held firearms
Total firearms = approximately 1,013,000,000 857,000,000 - - 133,000,000 23,000,000
Afghanistan 4,270,000 34,169,000 12.5 331,170 239,000
Albania 350,000 2,911,000 12.0 21,750 19,000
Algeria 877,000 41,064,000 2.1 637,720 363,000
American Samoa 400 56,000 0.7 - 90
Andorra 10,000 69,000 14.1 - 976
Angola 2,982,000 26,656,000 11.2 203,300 60,000
Antigua and Barbuda 5,000 94,000 5.4 438 800
Argentina 3,256,000 44,272,000 7.4 679,770 391,000
Armenia 186,000 3,032,000 6.1 509,240 18,000
Aruba 3,000 105,000 2.6 - 700
Australia 3,573,000 24,642,000 14.5 214,520 69,000
Austria 2,577,000 8,592,000 30.0 240,880 37,900
Azerbaijan 362,000 9,974,000 3.6 537,920 18,000
Bahamas 74,000 397,000 18.8 2,470 5,000
Bahrain 181,000 1,419,000 12.8 25,796 20,000
Bangladesh 659,000 164,828,000 0.4 410,305 333,000
Barbados 10,000 286,000 3.5 1,675 2,000
Belarus 581,000 9,459,000 6.1 780,600 165,000
Belgium 1,451,000 11,444,000 12.7 80,880 78,000
Belize 37,000 375,000 10.0 3,690 2,000
Benin 33,000 11,459,000 0.3 8,700 26,000
Bermuda 3,000 61,000 4.6 - 500
Bhutan 6,000 793,000 0.8 15,200 4,000
Bolivia 218,000 11,053,000 2.0 87,590 42,000
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,185,000 3,793,000 31.2 27,300 29,000
Botswana 97,000 2,344,000 4.1 17,100 11,000
Brazil 17,510,000 211,243,000 8.3 1,316,300 803,000
Brunei Darussalam 6,000 434,000 1.4 20,220 4,000
Bulgaria 590,000 7,045,000 8.4 176,640 59,400
Burkina Faso 175,000 19,173,000 0.9 43,780 43,000
Burundi 238,000 11,936,000 2.0 75,960 24,278
Cabo Verde (Cape Verde) 31,000 533,000 5.7 2,280 19,000
Cambodia 717,000 16,076,000 4.5 258,670 64,000
Cameroon 510,000 24,514,000 2.1 27,360 15,000
Canada 12,708,000 36,626,000 34.7 233,949 103,000
Cayman Islands 6,000 62,000 9.2 - 400
Central African Republic 94,000 5,099,000 1.8 8,580 10,000
Chad 151,000 14,965,000 1.0 25,020 34,000
Channel Islands 23,000 165,000 14.0 - 500
Chile 2,220,000 18,313,000 12.1 311,900 66,000
China 49,735,000 1,388,233,000 3.6 27,466,400 1,971,000
China, Macao SAR 22,000 606,000 3.6 - 4,000
Christmas Island 0 2,000 0.0 - 50
Colombia 4,971,000 49,068,000 10.1 350,689 283,000
Comoros 12,000 826,000 1.5 600 2,000
Congo, Republic of 119,000 4,866,000 2.4 12,000 11,000
Costa Rica 493,000 4,906,000 10.0 - 17,000
Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 1,049,000 23,816,000 4.4 33,045 15,000
Croatia 576,000 4,210,000 13.7 75,120 39,000
Cuba 234,000 11,390,000 2.1 958,100 42,000
Curaçao 4,000 160,000 2.6 - 600
Cyprus, North 61,000 349,000 17.4 - 2,000
Cyprus, Rep. of 285,000 839,000 34.0 99,000 11,000
Czech Republic 1,323,000 10,555,000 12.5 157,233 76,000
Democratic Republic of Congo 946,000 82,243,000 1.2 161,100 46,000
Denmark 567,000 5,712,000 9.9 124,120 20,000
Djibouti 28,000 911,000 3.1 19,855 5,000
Dominica 5,000 73,000 6.2 - 600
Dominican Republic 795,000 10,767,000 7.4 106,495 46,000
Ecuador 402,000 16,626,000 2.4 253,668 41,000
Egypt 3,931,000 95,215,000 4.1 1,544,750 1,530,000
El Salvador 737,000 6,167,000 12.0 127,840 30,000
England and Wales 2,731,000 58,877,000 4.6 - 28,000
Equatorial Guinea 112,000 894,000 12.5 2,760 2,000
Eritrea 23,000 5,482,000 0.4 668,550 12,000
Estonia 65,000 1,306,000 5.0 38,760 18,000
Ethiopia 377,000 104,345,000 0.4 525,600 79,000
Falkland Islands (Malvinas) 2,000 3,000 62.1 - 30
Faroe Islands 5,000 49,000 9.9 - 200
Fiji 5,000 903,000 0.5 16,700 2,000
Finland 1,793,000 5,541,000 32.4 475,030 14,000
France 12,732,000 64,939,000 19.6 566,430 497,000
French Guiana 55,000 283,000 19.6 – 2,000
French Polynesia 7,000 289,000 2.5 - 400
Gabon 61,000 1,801,000 3.4 5,640 4,000
Gambia 137,000 2,120,000 6.5 1,080 5,000
Georgia 402,000 3,973,000 10.1 63,950 41,000
Germany 15,822,000 80,636,000 19.6 483,016 466,000
Ghana 2,280,000 28,657,000 8.0 18,600 28,000
Gibraltar 1,000 32,000 4.1 - 600
Greece 1,920,000 10,893,000 17.6 642,510 99,000
Greenland 13,000 56,000 22.3 – 300
Grenada 5,000 108,000 4.6 – 1,000
Guadeloupe 40,000 472,000 8.5 - 2,000
Guam 20,000 174,000 11.5 - 500
Guatemala 2,062,000 17,005,000 12.1 160,600 43,000
Guinea 130,000 13,291,000 1.0 23,080 13,000
Guinea-Bissau 29,000 1,933,000 1.5 10,260 4,000
Guyana 122,000 774,000 15.8 10,890 4,000
Haiti 291,000 10,983,000 2.6 380 15,000
Holy See 0 1,000 0.0 - 200
Honduras 1,171,000 8,305,000 14.1 107,720 29,000
Hong Kong SAR, China 265,000 7,402,000 3.6 - 28,000
Hungary 1,023,000 9,788,000 10.5 147,880 17,000
Iceland 106,000 334,000 31.7 650 590
India 71,101,000 1,342,513,000 5.3 3,900,000 1,700,000
Indonesia 82,000 263,510,000 0.0 1,711,450 429,000
Iran, Islamic Republic of 5,890,000 80,946,000 7.3 3,333,550 98,000
Iraq 7,588,000 38,654,000 19.6 611,000 56,000
Ireland 342,000 4,749,000 7.2 26,636 3,000
Israel 557,000 8,323,000 6.7 1,016,900 41,000
Italy 8,609,000 59,798,000 14.4 502,960 273,000
Jamaica 246,000 2,813,000 8.8 8,681 12,000
Japan 377,000 126,045,000 0.3 745,514 252,000
Jordan 1,473,000 7,877,000 18.7 286,450 60,000
Kazakhstan 504,000 18,064,000 2.8 375,690 65,000
Kenya 750,000 48,467,000 1.5 45,790 51,527
Kiribati 900 116,000 0.8 - 200
Korea, DPR (North) 76,000 25,405,000 0.3 8,363,100 76,000
Korea, Republic of (South) 79,000 50,705,000 0.2 2,688,020 115,000
Kosovo 436,000 1,831,000 23.8 9,500 21,000
Kuwait 685,000 4,100,000 16.7 82,580 11,000
Kyrgyzstan 171,000 6,125,000 2.8 145,010 18,000
Lao, People's Democratic Republic 215,000 7,038,000 3.0 224,690 21,000
Latvia 205,000 1,945,000 10.5 27,936 17,000
Lebanon 1,927,000 6,039,000 31.9 130,150 41,000
Lesotho 105,000 2,185,000 4.8 2,400 5,000
Liberia 97,000 4,730,000 2.1 2,520 5,000
Libya 851,000 6,409,000 13.3 - -
Liechtenstein 11,000 38,000 28.8 - 200
Lithuania 385,000 2,831,000 13.6 81,240 17,000
Luxembourg 110,000 584,000 18.9 2,340 5,000
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of 621,000 2,083,000 29.8 29,530 21,000
Madagascar 168,000 25,613,000 0.7 25,320 20,000
Malawi 47,000 18,299,000 0.3 24,480 8,400
Malaysia 217,000 31,164,000 0.7 428,170 102,000
Maldives 23,000 376,000 6.2 9,500 3,000
Mali 206,000 18,690,000 1.1 15,800 3,000
Malta 119,000 421,000 28.3 5,547 1,637
Marshall Islands 300 53,000 0.5 - 80
Martinique 34,000 396,000 8.5 - 1,000
Mauritania 120,000 4,266,000 2.8 22,820 10,000
Mauritius 106,000 1,281,000 8.3 4,845 11,000
Mexico 16,809,000 130,223,000 12.9 895,285 591,000
Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 700 106,000 0.7 - 200
Moldova, Republic of 121,000 4,055,000 3.0 98,600 21,000
Monaco 7,000 38,000 19.6 - 1,000
Mongolia 242,000 3,052,000 7.9 323,400 7,000
Montenegro 245,000 626,000 39.1 5,396 8,000
Montserrat 300 5,000 5.4 - 90
Morocco 1,690,000 35,241,000 4.8 588,020 91,000
Mozambique 1,337,000 29,538,000 4.5 60,000 24,000
Myanmar 877,000 54,836,000 1.6 788,900 76,000
Namibia 396,000 2,569,000 15.4 11,880 15,000
Nauru 0 10,000 0.0 - 60
Nepal 444,000 29,187,000 1.5 183,540 62,000
Netherlands 442,000 17,033,000 2.6 108,676 96,000
New Caledonia 115,000 270,000 42.5 - 700
New Zealand 1,212,000 4,605,000 26.3 38,280 13,000
Nicaragua 323,000 6,218,000 5.2 261,800 8,590
Niger 117,000 21,564,000 0.5 11,110 10,000
Nigeria 6,154,000 191,836,000 3.2 224,200 362,400
Northern Ireland 206,000 1,873,000 11.0 - 13,000
Northern Mariana Islands 1,000 56,000 2.6 - 80
Norway 1,537,000 5,331,000 28.8 188,646 13,000
Oman 792,000 4,741,000 16.7 118,360 31,000
Pakistan 43,917,000 196,744,000 22.3 2,315,480 944,000
Palau 100 22,000 0.5 - 30
Palestinian Territories 56,000 4,952,000 1.1 44,410 33,000
Panama 436,000 4,051,000 10.8 - 30,000
Papua New Guinea 79,000 7,934,000 1.0 7,200 4,800
Paraguay 1,140,000 6,812,000 16.7 235,780 21,000
Peru 633,000 32,166,000 2.0 473,400 142,000
Philippines 3,776,000 103,797,000 3.6 454,700 139,043
Poland 968,000 38,564,000 2.5 307,200 188,000
Portugal 2,186,000 10,265,000 21.3 333,640 89,000
Puerto Rico 422,000 3,679,000 11.5 - 26,000
Puntland 246,000 1,995,000 12.3 3,600 8,000
Qatar 390,000 2,338,000 16.7 30,680 5,000
Réunion 171,000 873,000 19.6 - 2,000
Romania 506,000 19,238,000 2.6 240,180 251,000
Russian Federation 17,620,000 143,375,000 12.3 30,272,900 2,432,000
Rwanda 66,000 12,160,000 0.5 66,500 14,000
Saint Kitts and Nevis 2,000 57,000 3.4 - 600
Saint Lucia 6,000 188,000 3.4 - 1,000
Saint Martin (France) 3,000 32,000 8.5 - 100
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4,000 110,000 3.4 - 1,000
Samoa 20,000 196,000 10.1 - 400
San Marino 5,000 32,000 14.4 - 300
São Tomé and Principe 7,000 198,000 3.4 570 100
Saudi Arabia 5,468,000 32,743,000 16.7 481,350 214,000
Scotland 305,000 5,436,000 5.6 - 2,000
Senegal 323,000 16,054,000 2.0 16,320 6,000
Serbia 2,719,000 6,946,000 39.1 384,422 53,100
Seychelles 4,000 98,000 4.1 798 200
Sierra Leone 35,000 6,733,000 0.5 10,200 12,000
Singapore 20,000 5,785,000 0.3 574,140 9,000
Sint Maarten (Netherlands) 2,000 40,000 4.2 - 300
Slovakia 355,000 5,432,000 6.5 33,150 43,000
Slovenia 324,000 2,071,000 15.6 131,686 13,000
Solomon Islands 1,000 606,000 0.2 - 70
Somalia 1,145,000 9,225,000 12.4 37,620 8,000
Somaliland 456,000 3,823,000 11.9 23,750 4,000
South Africa 5,351,000 55,436,000 9.7 350,636 250,481
South Sudan 1,255,000 13,096,000 9.6 351,500 42,000
Spain 3,464,000 46,070,000 7.5 333,660 264,196
Sri Lanka 494,000 20,905,000 2.4 509,700 134,000
Sudan 2,768,000 42,166,000 6.6 590,170 129,000
Suriname 88,000 552,000 15.9 5,985 2,000
Swaziland 64,000 1,320,000 4.8 5,700 4,000
Sweden 2,296,000 9,921,000 23.1 139,180 38,000
Switzerland 2,332,000 8,454,000 27.6 324,484 34,000
Syrian Arab Republic 1,547,000 18,907,000 8.2 655,500 124,000
Taiwan (Republic of China) 10,000 23,405,000 0.0 2,022,150 76,000
Tajikistan 37,000 8,858,000 0.4 56,490 9,000
Tanzania, United Republic of Africa 427,000 56,878,000 0.8 190,050 37,000
Thailand 10,342,000 68,298,000 15.1 1,052,815 230,000
Timor-Leste (East Timor) 3,000 1,237,000 0.3 2,527 4,000
Togo 58,000 7,692,000 0.8 12,850 5,000
Tonga 9,000 108,000 8.0 - 200
Trinidad and Tobago 43,000 1,369,000 3.2 7,695 9,000
Tunisia 123,000 11,495,000 1.1 68,020 73,000
Turkey 13,249,000 80,418,000 16.5 1,390,180 620,000
Turkmenistan 23,000 5,503,000 0.4 184,700 27,000
Turks and Caicos Islands 1,000 35,000 3.3 - 100
Tuvalu 100 10,000 1.2 - 26
Uganda 331,000 41,653,000 0.8 116,660 54,000
Ukraine 4,396,000 44,405,000 9.9 6,600,000 289,000
United Arab Emirates 1,569,000 9,398,000 16.7 163,800 41,000
United Kingdom
Combined civilian, military and law enforcement numbers for (England and Wales), (Northern Ireland) & (Scotland).		 3,242,000 66,186,000 4.9 539,680 43,000
United States of America 393,347,000 326,474,000 120.5 4,535,380 1,016,000
Uruguay 1,198,000 3,457,000 34.7 62,130 30,000
Uzbekistan 127,000 30,691,000 0.4 268,400 150,000
Vanuatu 11,000 276,000 3.9 - 350
Venezuela 5,895,000 31,926,000 18.5 353,300 173,000
Vietnam 1,562,000 95,415,000 1.6 3,829,200 285,000
Virgin Islands (U.K.) 300 31,000 0.8 - 500
Virgin Islands (U.S.) 18,000 107,000 16.6 - 300
Yemen 14,859,000 28,120,000 52.8 28,500 -
Zambia 158,000 17,238,000 0.9 41,040 16,000
Zimbabwe 455,000 16,338,000 2.8 91,580 23,000

American gun ownership

American gun show, Houston, Texas

American civilians own over 393 million guns. "Americans made up 4 percent of the world's population but owned about 46 percent of the entire global stock of 857 million civilian firearms."[18] That is three times as many guns as the combined stockpile of the world's armed forces.[19] American civilians own more guns "than those held by civilians in the other top 25 countries combined."[20]

Reception

The Small Arms Survey's reports are widely used and considered to be accurate, though all of the figures involve "some degree of estimation", and estimates for certain countries are highly uncertain.[21][22]

In response to a report about the number of firearms in Finland, the Finnish Ministry of the Interior issued a statement saying that the number was inflated and completely wrong.[23][24]

Publications

The project's flagship publication is the Small Arms Survey, an annual review of global small arms issues such as production, stockpiles, brokering, legal and illicit arms transfers, the effects of small arms, and national, bilateral, and multilateral measures to deal with the problems associated with small arms.[25] Published by Cambridge University Press, it is recognized as the principal international source of impartial and reliable information on all aspects of small arms. It is widely used by policy-makers, government officials and non-governmental organizations.[26]

In addition to its annual yearbook, the Small Arms Survey publishes a wide range of periodical research findings. These include a Book Series, Occasional Papers, Special Reports, Working Papers, and short Issue Briefs and Research Notes.[34] These publications present substantial research findings on data, methodological, and conceptual issues related to small arms or detailed country and regional case studies. Most of these are published in hard copy and are also accessible on the project's web site.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Home". Small Arms Survey. 2011-06-10. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  2. ^ a b "Small Arms Survey | GPPlatform". Gpplatform.ch. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  3. ^ "The Graduate Institute – Geneva; Small Arms Survey". Un-instraw.org. 2010-12-16. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  4. ^ a b "IUHEI: Small Arms Survey (SAS) - Texts". Administration Research Actions Management Information System (ARAMIS). Retrieved 2022-09-21.
  5. ^ "About the Small Arms Survey" (PDF). Small Arms Survey. 2002. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  6. ^ Krause, Keith (September 2019). "CV" (PDF). Geneva Graduate Institute. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  7. ^ "Diplomatic initiatives". Eda.admin.ch. 5 September 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  8. ^ "HSBA for Sudan and South Sudan". www.smallarmssurveysudan.org. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  9. ^ "Sudan Human Security Baseline Assessment – Empirical research & support of violence reduction initiatives". Smallarmssurveysudan.org. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  10. ^ "Home". Small Arms Survey. 2013-07-25. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  11. ^ a b c d "Small Arms Survey - Small Arms Survey reveals: More than one billion firearms in the world". www.smallarmssurvey.org. Archived from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  12. ^ a b c Estimating Global CivilianHELD Firearms Numbers. Aaron Karp. June 2018
  13. ^ "Americans Own 46% of the World's 1 Billion Guns, Says U.N. Report". Time.com. June 2018. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  14. ^ June 2018, Estimating Global Civilian Held Firearms Numbers by Aaron Karp
  15. ^ a b smallarmssurvey.org
  16. ^ a b smallarmssurvey.org
  17. ^ a b "Law enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017" (PDF). Small Arms Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2018.
  18. ^ The Washington Post. There are more guns than people in the United States, according to a new study of global firearm ownership. By Christopher Ingraham. June 19, 2018
  19. ^ Estimating Global Military owned Firearms Numbers. By Aaron Karp June, 2018
  20. ^ "Americans Own 46% of the World's 1 Billion Guns, Says U.N. Report". time.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  21. ^ "Which countries rank high in private gun ownership? After the top spot, you may be surprised". CBC.ca. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  22. ^ "Report says over 1 billion small arms in world, up from 2007". AP News. 19 June 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  23. ^ "Oikaisu: Pääkirjoituksessa väärää tietoa aseiden määrästä". 29 March 2016.
  24. ^ "Miksi "luotettava media" valehtelee asemääristä? - Mikko Niskasaari". www.mikkoniskasaari.fi.
  25. ^ "Yearbook". Small Arms Survey. 5 May 2011. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  26. ^ "Small Arms Survey – Series". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  27. ^ "The largest civilian firearms arsenals for 178 countries" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  28. ^ "The Graduate Institute, Geneva – Institutional News of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies". Graduateinstitute.ch. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  29. ^ "2010". Small Arms Survey. 2011-05-05. Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  30. ^ "Small Arms Survey 2011 – Academic and Professional Books – Cambridge University Press". Cambridge.org. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  31. ^ "Small Arms Survey 2012 – Academic and Professional Books – Cambridge University Press". Cambridge.org. Retrieved 2012-11-26.
  32. ^ "2013". Small Arms Survey. 2013-10-21. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
  33. ^ "Small Arms Survey 2014". Small Arms Survey. 2014. Archived from the original on March 27, 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  34. ^ a b "By type". Small Arms Survey. 5 May 2011. Archived from the original on October 20, 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  35. ^ smallarmssurvey.org
  36. ^ smallarmssurvey.org
  37. ^ Karp, Aaron (June 2018). "Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers" (PDF). Small Arms Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2018.

External links

Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies
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