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((Short description|Militant rebel organisation in Qing China (1840-55)))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2018))
((More citations needed|date=December 2009))
((chinese |s=((linktext|小|刀|会)) |t=((linktext|小|刀|會)) |p=Xiǎodāohuì<br>Xiǎo Dāo Huì |w=Hsiao-tao Hui<br>Hsiao Tao Hui))
'''Small Swords Society''' or '''Small Sword Society'''<!--NOT knife/knives: see talk page--> was a political and military organisation active in [[Shanghai]], China, and neighbouring areas amid the [[Taiping Rebellion]], between about 1840 and 1855.<ref name=albert/> Members of the society, rebelling against the [[Qing dynasty]], occupied old Shanghai<ref name=moore/> and many of the surrounding villages.<ref name=hayhoe/> Chinese [[gentry]] and [[merchant]]s took refuge in the British and French [[Concession (territory)|concessions]], which were regarded as the only safe places. The rebellion was suppressed and the society expelled from Shanghai in February 1855.<ref name=moore/><ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VA5tKw11K8YC&q=small+sword+society|title=China: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary|publisher=Curzon Press|year=1998|isbn=0-7007-0439-6|editor-last=Dillon|editor-first=Michael|location=London|pages=292))</ref>

==History==
[[File:Dianchun Tang.JPG|thumb|Headquarters of the Small Swords Society in Shanghai]]
The organization was founded in 1850 during the upheavals leading to the [[Taiping Rebellion]], its original leader being a Singaporean-born merchant with British citizenship, Chen Qingzhen (((zh|陈庆真))), in [[Xiamen]], [[Fujian]] Province, many among its leadership also being English-speaking Singapore Chinese.<ref>((cite book |last1=Ter Haar |first1=B. J. |title=Ritual and Mythology of the Chinese Triads Brill's Scholars' List Scholar's List Series Volume 41 of Sinica Leidensia Series |date=2000 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9004119442 |pages=350–351 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMRG5gX8kh0C&q=Small+Swords+Society+chen+qingzhen&pg=PA350))</ref> It was one of a number of rebel groups to arise during this period, either affiliated with or proclaiming support for the Taiping administration.  The society consisted mainly of natives from [[Guangdong]] and [[Fujian]], including Li Shaoqing, Li Xianyun and Pan Yiguo, directors of some of the ''huiguan'' or native place associations of Shanghai.<ref>((cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Linda Cooke|title=Shanghai: from market town to treaty port, 1074-1858|date=1995|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, CA|pages=267–291))</ref> They were opposed to both [[Buddhism]] and [[Daoism]], issuing proclamations against both faiths. Some of these proclamations were translated for an English-speaking audience by [[Alexander Wylie (missionary)|Alexander Wylie]].<ref>((cite web|title=Small Sword proclamations|url=http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-WADE-COLLECTION/1|website=Chinese Works (Wade collection)|publisher=Cambridge Digital Library|access-date=9 January 2017))</ref> The Small Swords Society was a variant of the Heaven and Earth Societies ([[Tiandihui]]) that organised the  [[Red Turban Rebellion (1854-1856)|Red Turban Rebellion]] in [[Guangdong]] province, and used their symbolism.<ref>((cite book |last1=Faure |first1=David|author-link2=Kwang-Ching Liu |last2=Liu |first2=Kwang-ching |last3=Hon-Chun Shek |first3=Richard |title=Heterodoxy in Late Imperial China |date=2004 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=0824825381 |page=365 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihJ4exNdB2oC&q=Small+Swords+Society&pg=PA365))</ref>

The Society succeeded in seizing [[Xiamen]], [[Tong'an]], [[Zhangzhou]], and [[Zhangpu]] in Fujian province, but was forced to withdraw after heavy fighting, continuing resistance at sea until 1858.<ref>((webarchive|df=yes|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928211014/http://www.jimei.gov.cn/myoffice/documentComm.do?docId=D7845 |date=2007-09-28|title=Jimei District Website))</ref> While in Xiamen, they allied with forces of the [[Red Turban Rebellion (1854-1856)|Red Turban Rebellion]] in [[Humen]] to seize the city of [[Huizhou]], near [[Guangzhou]], [[Guangdong]] province, helping to galvanise that insurrection.<ref>((cite book |last1=Wakeman |first1=Frederic |title=Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South China, 1839-1861 |date=1997 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0520212398 |pages=137–138 |edition=Reprint, revised))</ref>

In 1851 the Society occupied the [[Old City of Shanghai|Chinese city]] of Shanghai without invading the foreign concessions. The [[circuit intendant of Shanghai|circuit intendant]] was forced to flee.<ref>((cite journal |last=Hamashita |first=Takeshi |title=Tribute and Treaties: East Asian Treaty Ports Networks in the Era of Negotiation, 1834-1894 |journal=European Journal of East Asian Studies |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=2002 |pages=59–87 ))</ref> Large numbers of Chinese refugees from surrounding areas flooded into the foreign concessions in this period, dramatically increasing the population there and giving rise to the prevalent ''[[longtang]]'' or ''[[shikumen]]''-style housing which came to dominate [[Shanghai]] by the early 20th Century.<ref>((
cite journal 
|last    = Zhao
|first   = Chunlan 
|year    = 2004 
|title   = From Shikumen to new-style: a rereading of lilong housing in modern Shanghai
|journal = The Journal of Architecture 
|volume  = 4 
|pages   = 49–76
|doi     = 10.1080/1360236042000197853
|s2cid = 144325990 
))</ref>

The Society's headquarters were in the [[Yu Garden]] of Shanghai, at the heart of the old city and today a popular tourist attraction and shopping district. There is a small museum displaying artefacts of the Society in the gardens.

The Small Sword Society in Shanghai initially declared the re-establishment of ''Da Ming Guo'' (((zh|大明国))), the [[Ming dynasty|Great Ming State]], and elected Liu Lichuan as leader, who wrote to the Heavenly King of the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom|Taiping Tianguo]] to join his rebellion, subsequently adopting the Taiping Tianguo name. The society took steps to issue currency, encourage trade and stabilise the food supply.<ref>((cite book |last1=Xiaobing Li |title=China at War: An Encyclopedia |date=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1598844160 |page=414))</ref>

Conflict broke out between the Fujian and Guangdong factions, over whether they should leave with the loot they had acquired. At first, the British and American authorities remained neutral, while the French supported the imperial government. However, some British and American sailors joined up with the Small Swords Society. When French troops were sent in to support Qing imperial troops, this caused the situation of Westerners fighting Westerners. The British and American authorities then declared the sailors' actions illegal and joined in support for the imperial armies. The society's forces tried to break out from the siege but was destroyed in February 1855.<ref>((cite book |last1=Gao |first1=James Z. |title=Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949) Volume 25 of Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0810863088 |page=331 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJrLhcgog8oC&q=Small+Swords+Society&pg=PA331))</ref> Remnant forces regrouped with the Taiping army.<ref>((cite book |last1=Li |first1=Xiaobing |title=China at War: An Encyclopedia |date=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1598844153 |page=415 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhPyvsdymU8C&q=Small+Sword+Society&pg=PA415))</ref>

== References ==
((Reflist|refs=

<ref name=albert>Albert Feuerwerker (1970). [https://books.google.com/books?id=AqwVM1_oRP4C Chinese Communist Studies of Modern Chinese History]. Volume 11 of Harvard East Asian monographs. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University East Asian Research Center. ((ISBN|9780674123014)). p. 102–3.</ref>

<ref name=hayhoe>Ruth Hayhoe, Yongling Lu (1996). [https://books.google.com/books?id=yabmD13MaNcC Ma Xiangbo and the mind of modern China 1840-1939]. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. ((ISBN|9781563248313)). pp. 17–18.</ref>

<ref name=moore>Alasdair Moore (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=74koAQAAIAAJ ''La Mortola: In the Footsteps of Thomas Hanbury''] London: Cadogan Guides. ((ISBN|9781860111402)).</ref>

))
((Qing dynasty topics))
((Taiping Rebellion))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Military units and formations established in the 1850s]]
[[Category:Rebel groups in China]]
[[Category:19th century in Shanghai]]
[[Category:Rebellions in the Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:19th century in China]]
[[Category:19th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Military history of Shanghai]]

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