The smoke point, also referred to as the burning point, is the temperature at which an oil or fat begins to produce a continuous bluish smoke that becomes clearly visible, dependent upon specific and defined conditions.[1] Smoke point values can vary greatly, depending on factors such as the volume of oil utilized, the size of the container, the presence of air currents, the type and source of light as well as the quality of the oil and its acidity content, otherwise known as free fatty acid (FFA) content.[2] The more FFA an oil contains, the quicker it will break down and start smoking.[2][3] The lower the value of FFA, the higher the smoke point.[dubious – discuss][4] However, the FFA content typically represents less than 1% of the total oil and consequently renders smoke point a poor indicator of the capacity of a fat or oil to withstand heat.[4][5][6]

Temperature

The smoke point of an oil correlates with its level of refinement.[7][8] Many cooking oils have smoke points above standard home cooking temperatures:[9]

Smoke point decreases at different pace in different oils.[10]

Considerably above the temperature of the smoke point is the flash point, the point at which the vapours from the oil can ignite in air, given an ignition source.

The following table presents smoke points of various fats and oils.

Fat Quality Smoke point[caution 1]
Almond oil 221 °C 430 °F[11]
Avocado oil Refined 271 °C 520 °F[12][13]
Avocado oil Unrefined 250 °C 482 °F[14]
Beef tallow 250 °C 480 °F
Butter 150 °C 302 °F[15]
Butter Clarified 250 °C 482 °F[16]
Castor oil Refined 200 °C[17] 392 °F
Coconut oil Refined, dry 204 °C 400 °F[18]
Coconut oil Unrefined, dry expeller pressed, virgin 177 °C 350 °F[18]
Corn oil 230–238 °C[19] 446–460 °F
Corn oil Unrefined 178 °C[17] 352 °F
Cottonseed oil Refined, bleached, deodorized 220–230 °C[20] 428–446 °F
Flaxseed oil Unrefined 107 °C 225 °F[13]
Grape seed oil 216 °C 421 °F
Lard 190 °C 374 °F[15]
Mustard oil 250 °C 480 °F[21]
Olive oil Refined 199–243 °C 390–470 °F[22]
Olive oil Virgin 210 °C 410 °F
Olive oil Extra virgin, low acidity, high quality 207 °C 405 °F[13][23]
Olive oil Extra virgin 190 °C 374 °F[23]
Palm oil Fractionated 235 °C[24] 455 °F
Peanut oil Refined 232 °C[13] 450 °F
Peanut oil 227–229 °C[13][25] 441–445 °F
Peanut oil Unrefined 160 °C[13] 320 °F
Pecan oil 243 °C[26] 470 °F
Rapeseed oil (Canola) 220–230 °C[27] 428–446 °F
Rapeseed oil (Canola) Expeller press 190–232 °C 375–450 °F[28]
Rapeseed oil (Canola) Refined 204 °C 400 °F
Rapeseed oil (Canola) Unrefined 107 °C 225 °F
Rice bran oil Refined 232 °C[29] 450 °F
Safflower oil Unrefined 107 °C 225 °F[13]
Safflower oil Semirefined 160 °C 320 °F[13]
Safflower oil Refined 266 °C 510 °F[13]
Sesame oil Unrefined 177 °C 350 °F[13]
Sesame oil Semirefined 232 °C 450 °F[13]
Soybean oil 234 °C[30] 453 °F
Sunflower oil Neutralized, dewaxed, bleached & deodorized 252–254 °C[31] 486–489 °F
Sunflower oil Semirefined 232 °C[13] 450 °F
Sunflower oil 227 °C[13] 441 °F
Sunflower oil Unrefined, first cold-pressed, raw 107 °C[32] 225 °F
Sunflower oil, high oleic Refined 232 °C 450 °F[13]
Sunflower oil, high oleic Unrefined 160 °C 320 °F[13]
Vegetable oil blend Refined 220 °C[23] 428 °F
  1. ^ Specified smoke, fire, and flash points of any fat and oil can be misleading: they depend almost entirely upon the free fatty acid content, which increases during storage or use. The smoke point of fats and oils decreases when they are at least partially split into free fatty acids and glycerol; the glycerol portion decomposes to form acrolein, which is the major source of the smoke evolved from heated fats and oils. A partially hydrolyzed oil therefore smokes at a lower temperature than non-hydrolyzed oil. (Adapted from Gunstone, Frank D., ed. (17 March 2011). Vegetable Oils in Food Technology: Composition, Properties and Uses. Wiley, Inc. OCLC 1083187382.)

Oxidative stability

Main article: Rancidification

Hydrolysis and oxidation are the two primary degradation processes that occur in an oil during cooking.[10] Oxidative stability is how resistant an oil is to reacting with oxygen, breaking down and potentially producing harmful compounds while exposed to continuous heat. Oxidative stability is the best predictor of how an oil behaves during cooking.[33][34][35]

The Rancimat method is one of the most common methods for testing oxidative stability in oils.[35] This determination entails speeding up the oxidation process in the oil (under heat and forced air), which enables its stability to be evaluated by monitoring volatile substances associated with rancidity. It is measured as "induction time" and recorded as total hours before the oil breaks down. Canola oil requires 7.5 hours, for example, whereas extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and virgin coconut oil will last over a day at 110 °C of continuous heat.[9] The differing stabilities correlate with lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are more prone to oxidation. EVOO is high in monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants, conferring stability. Some plant cultivars have been bred to produce "high-oleic" oils with more monounsaturated oleic acid and less polyunsaturated linoleic acid for enhanced stability.[9]

The oxidative stability does not directly correspond to the smoke point and thus the latter cannot be used as a reference for safe and healthy cooking.[36]

See also

References

  1. ^ American Oil Chemists' Society (2011). "AOCS Official Method Cc 9a-48, Smoke, Flash and Fire Points Cleveland Open Cup Method". Official methods and recommended practices of the AOCS - (6th ed.). Champaign, Ill. : American Oil Chemists' Society.
  2. ^ a b Thomas, Alfred (2002). Fats and Fatty Oils. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wenheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
  3. ^ Bastida, SS; et al. (2001). "Thermal oxidation of olive oil, sunflower oil and a mix of both oils during forty continuous domestic fryings of different foods". Food Science and Technology International. 7: 15–21. doi:10.1106/1898-plw3-6y6h-8k22. S2CID 97919860.
  4. ^ a b Gennaro, L.; et al. (1998). "Effect of biophenols on olive oil stability evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 46 (11): 4465–4469. doi:10.1021/jf980562q.
  5. ^ Gomez-Alonso, S.; et al. (2003). "Changes in phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of virgin olive oil during frying". J Agric Food Chem. 51 (3): 667–72. doi:10.1021/jf025932w. PMID 12537439.
  6. ^ Chen, W.; et al. (2013). "Total polar compounds and acid values of repeatedly used frying oils measured by standard and rapid methods" (PDF). J Food Drug Anal. 21 (1): 85.
  7. ^ Boickish, Michael (1998). Fats and oils handbook. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-0-935315-82-0.
  8. ^ Morgan, D.A. (1942). "Smoke, fire, and flash points of cottonseed, peanut, and other vegetable oils". Oil & Soap. 19 (11): 193–198. doi:10.1007/BF02545481. S2CID 93662177.
  9. ^ a b c Gray, S (June 2015). "Cooking with extra virgin olive oil" (PDF). ACNEM Journal. 34 (2): 8–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
  10. ^ a b Monoj K. Gupta; Kathleen Warner; Pamela J. White (2004). Frying technology and Practices. AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois.
  11. ^ Marcus, Jacqueline B. (2013). Culinary Nutrition: The Science and Practice of Healthy Cooking. Academic Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-012-391882-6. Table 2-3 Smoke Points of Common Fats and Oils.
  12. ^ "Smoking Points of Fats and Oils". What’s Cooking America.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Smoke Point of Oils". Baseline of Health. Jonbarron.org. 2012-04-17. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
  14. ^ Marie Wong; Cecilia Requejo-Jackman; Allan Woolf (April 2010). "What is unrefined, extra virgin cold-pressed avocado oil?". Aocs.org. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  15. ^ a b The Culinary Institute of America (2011). The Professional Chef (9th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-42135-2. OCLC 707248142.
  16. ^ "Smoke Point of different Cooking Oils". Charts Bin. 2011.
  17. ^ a b Detwiler, S. B.; Markley, K. S. (1940). "Smoke, flash, and fire points of soybean and other vegetable oils". Oil & Soap. 17 (2): 39–40. doi:10.1007/BF02543003.
  18. ^ a b "Introducing Nutiva Organic Refined Coconut Oil". Nutiva. Archived from the original on 2015-02-14.
  19. ^ Vegetable Oils in Food Technology (2011), p. 284.
  20. ^ Vegetable Oils in Food Technology (2011), p. 214.
  21. ^ "Mustard Seed Oil". Clovegarden.
  22. ^ "Olive Oil Smoke Point". Retrieved 2016-08-25.
  23. ^ a b c Gray, S (June 2015). "Cooking with extra virgin olive oil" (PDF). ACNEM Journal. 34 (2): 8–12.
  24. ^ (in Italian) Scheda tecnica dell'olio di palma bifrazionato PO 64.
  25. ^ Vegetable Oils in Food Technology (2011), p. 234.
  26. ^ Ranalli N, Andres SC, Califano AN (Jul 2017). "Dulce de leche‐like product enriched with emulsified pecan oil: Assessment of physicochemical characteristics, quality attributes, and shelf‐life". European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. doi:10.1002/ejlt.201600377. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  27. ^ Vegetable Oils in Food Technology (2011), p. 121.
  28. ^ "What is the "truth" about canola oil?". Spectrum Organics, Canola Oil Manufacturer. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.
  29. ^ Vegetable Oils in Food Technology (2011), p. 303.
  30. ^ Vegetable Oils in Food Technology (2011), p. 92.
  31. ^ Vegetable Oils in Food Technology (2011), p. 153.
  32. ^ "Organic unrefined sunflower oil". Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  33. ^ Fats and oils in human nutrition. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization. 1994. ISBN 978-92-5-103621-1. Archived from the original on November 29, 2013.
  34. ^ Nwosu, V.; et al. Oxidative Stability of various oils as determined by Rancimat Method. Department of Food Science.: North Carolina State University.
  35. ^ a b Methrom. "Oxidative stability of oils and fats - Rancimat method". Application Bulletin. 204/2 e.
  36. ^ "Evaluation of Chemical and Physical Changes in Different Commercial Oils during Heating" (PDF).

External links

Categories