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((short description|Type of body-mounted camera))
((Refimprove|date=January 2007))

A '''SnorriCam''' (also '''chestcam''', '''body mount'''/'''bodymount''', or '''bodycam''')<ref name=":0">((Cite web |last=McGregor |first=Lewis |date=2017-02-02 |title=SnorriCam: When to Use One and How to Make a Rig |url=https://www.premiumbeat.com/blog/snorricam-when-to-use-and-how-to-make-a-rig/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=The Beat: A Blog by PremiumBeat |language=en-US))</ref> is a [[camera]] device used in [[filmmaking]] that is rigged to the body of the [[actor]],<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VL_EOBGki-MC&q=snorricam&pg=PA26|page=26|title=The Rough Guide to Film|year=2007|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Ltd|last=Armstrong|first=Richard|isbn=9781843534082))</ref> with the camera facing the actor directly so that they appear in a fixed position in the center of the frame.<ref>((cite book|page=75-76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPeqBgAAQBAJ&q=snorricam&pg=PA75|title=Deleuze, Altered States and Film|last=Powell|first=Anna|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|year=2007|isbn = 9780748632404))</ref><ref name="aic">((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPtGBQAAQBAJ&q=snorricam&pg=PA125|year=2014|publisher=I.B.Tauris|last=King|first=Geoff|title=American Independent Cinema|page=125|isbn=9780857737335))</ref> A SnorriCam presents a dynamic, disorienting point of view from the actor's perspective, providing an unusual sense of [[vertigo (medical)|vertigo]] for the viewer.<ref name="aic" />

The type of shot that this device is used for can be considered opposite to the more common fixed [[first-person perspective]] shot.<ref name=":0" />

==History==
The SnorriCam is named after two [[Iceland]]ic photographers and directors, [[Einar Snorri]] and [[Eiður Snorri Eysteinsson|Eiður Snorri]], who worked together under the name ''Snorri Bros'' (but are not otherwise related).<ref>[http://snorribros.com/about/whowhat/ Snorri Bros: Bio - What We Do] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100512215017/http://snorribros.com/about/whowhat/ |date=2010-05-12 ))</ref><ref name="aic" />

The idea of what was later coined the "SnorriCam" has been around for decades, in mostly ''[[ad hoc]]'' implementations.<ref name="slate" /> The earliest use of a body-mounted camera rig is considered to be the 1932 film ''[[Kuhle Wampe]]'', in which the camera tracks a woman walking through a crowd of children.<ref name=":1">((Cite tweet|number=1164239908338327553|user=NetflixFilm|title=But the Snorricam has a longer history than you may realize. Though it grew to prominence in the 90s, the earliest use of a body-mounted camera rig is believed to be in the 1932 German film KUHLE WAMPE, where the camera tracks a woman walking through a crowd of children.))</ref> However, the practicality of such a [[Point-of-view shot|point-of-view]] device was limited by the weight of the camera. Since most [[35 mm movie film|35mm]] motion picture cameras were simply too heavy to carry easily, there was no real point in developing such a device. However, with the emergence of the [[Steadicam]] and the manufacture of small, lightweight cameras that could fit on the Steadicam platform, an added bonus of these newer, lighter cameras was the possibility of a point-of-view device such as the SnorriCam.<ref name="slate" />

In 1996, Einar Snorri and Eiður Snorri built a camera rig for a low-budget music video for the punk band Maul Girls' song "Chunky Black Shoes". A friend of theirs was on set and recognized the potential for this rig to be used in a film that he was producing, ''[[Pi (film)|π]]'' (1998). The friend asked if he could borrow the rig to show to the director of the film, [[Darren Aronofsky]], who evidently used the device in his film.<ref>((Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.snorricam.com/home |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Snorricam |language=en-US))</ref>

The Bodymount, another brand of SnorriCam, was also developed in 1996 by cinematographer [[Gary Thieltges]] through his company, [[Doggicam Systems]]. In 2004, [[Society of Camera Operators|The Society of Camera Operators]] recognized The Bodymount's contribution to the film industry with their Technical Achievement Award.<ref name=":2">((Cite web |title=History |url=https://thebodymount.com/history |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=The Bodymount |language=en-US))</ref>

==Uses in film==
The earliest use of a body-mounted camera rig is considered to be the 1932 Nazi-banned ''[[Kuhle Wampe]]'', in which the camera tracks a woman walking through a crowd of children.<ref name=":1" /> In [[Jean Renoir]]’s ''[[A Day in the Country]]'' (1946) a decade later, a camera is mounted to a swing and watches [[Sylvia Bataille]]'s character rocking back and forth; [[Satyajit Ray]] employed the same technique in ''[[Charulata]]'' (1964), where the camera is mounted on a swing and watches [[Madhabi Mukherjee]]'s character. In the 1966 film ''[[Seconds (1966 film)|Seconds]]'' by [[John Frankenheimer]], a SnorriCam prototype is attached to actors [[Frank Campanella]], [[Rock Hudson]], and [[John Randolph (actor)|John Randolph]] at various angles.<ref name=":1" />

In ''[[Mean Streets]]'' (1973),<ref name="slate">((cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2015/04/21/snorricam_supercut_from_scorsese_s_mean_streets_to_aronofsky_s_requiem_for.html|title=A Video History of the SnorriCam, the Ultimate Cinematic Shorthand for Disorientation|last=Swinney|first=Jacob T.|access-date=2016-11-17|date=2015-04-21))</ref><ref name=":1" /> a SnorriCam shot follows the lead character (played by [[Harvey Keitel]]) as he moves through a crowded bar and passes out drunk in the back.<ref name="scorsese">((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1SaCwAAQBAJ&q=snorricam&pg=PT16|pages=16–17|title=Martin Scorsese in 10 Scenes|last=Grierson|first=Tim|publisher=CRC Press|year=2016|isbn=9781317486268))</ref> In ''[[Truck Turner]]'' (1974), the character played by [[Yaphet Kotto]] can be seen in his final throes of death through the eyes of a SnorriCam.

In ''[[White of the Eye]]'' (1987), a pre-Snorricam bodycam is worn by Paul (played by [[David Keith (actor)]] during the climactic chase scene, as he wildly pursues Joan (played by [[Cathy Moriarty]]) through the quarry. 

The films ''[[Pi (film)|π]]'' (1998)<ref>((cite book |last=Cherry |first=Brigid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Ud9AgAAQBAJ&q=snorricam&pg=PT81 |title=Horror |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=9781134049387))</ref><ref name="aic" /> and ''[[Requiem for a Dream]]'' (2000),<ref>((cite book |last=Skorin-Kapov |first=Jadranka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-c-BCgAAQBAJ&q=snorri-cam&pg=PT62 |title=Darren Aronofsky's Films and the Fragility of Hope |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |year=2015 |isbn=9781501306983))</ref> both directed by [[Darren Aronofsky]], use the SnorriCam extensively and are considered to have popularized the technique.<ref name="slate" />

''[[Armageddon (1998 film)|Armageddon]]'' (1998) uses a virtual SnorriCam to depict an astronaut being hit by a burst of gas and flying off into space. In ''[[28 Weeks Later]]'' (2007), a zombie is filmed through a SnorriCam while chasing [[Robert Carlyle]]'s character. In ''[[The Hangover]]'' (2009), the character Stuart (played by [[Ed Helms]]) has a SnorriCam attached as he wakes up disoriented and hungover. The Bollywood film ''[[Dev.D|Dev D]]'' (2009) uses SnorriCam sequence to depict point of view of the lead character in a drunken state where nothing makes sense in the background. The rig is also notably used in [[Guy Ritchie]]’s ''[[Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels]]'' (1999), [[Alejandro González Iñárritu]]’s [[Babel (film)|''Babel'']] (2006), [[Richard Shepard]]'s ''[[The Perfection]]'' (2018) and [[Kenneth Branagh]]'s ''[[A Haunting in Venice]]'' (2023).

==Uses in television==
((unreferenced|section|date=November 2016))

* The "[[Sir Digby Chicken Caesar|Sir Digby Chicken-Caesar]]" sketches in ''[[That Mitchell and Webb Look]]'' use a SnorriCam extensively.
* In ''[[Torchwood]]'', the episode "[[Dead Man Walking (Torchwood)|Dead Man Walking]]" (Season 2 Episode 7) also has a sequence where the character [[Owen Harper]] is seen moving through a nightclub in a SnorriCam sequence with a slight speed up.
* The first episode of the second series of ''[[Skins (TV series)|Skins]]'' features a SnorriCam being used in a party scene.
* The British television show [[Misfits (TV series)|''Misfits'']] also uses a SnorriCam during a party scene with several of the characters.
* The show ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]'' uses Bodymount shots in a few episodes to depict nervousness.
* In the [[Discovery Channel]] show ''[[Survivorman]]'', Les Stroud will often employ this technique when walking, due to the limitations of not having a film crew.
* The Bodymount has also been used in episodes of the hit television series ''[[Lost (2004 TV series)|Lost]]''.
* Season 1 of ''[[Dexter (TV series)|Dexter]]'' also features a Bodymount shot at the start of episode 11 used on the main character, [[Dexter Morgan]].
* Episode 10 ("Imperfect Harmony") of ''[[Selfie (TV series)|Selfie]]''(('))s sole season used a SnorriCam to highlight a major character's experience at a party.
* The technique is also featured in the seventh season of ''[[Supernatural (American TV series)|Supernatural]]''.
* Last episode of first season of the British show [[Shameless (British TV series)|''Shameless'']] features the Bodymount being used in the opening scene.

==Uses in music videos==
((unreferenced|section|date=November 2016))
One of the first uses of a SnorriCam in music videos was in [[the Smashing Pumpkins]] video "[[1979 (song)|1979]]" directed by [[Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris]] in 1995.

Other notable uses of the SnorriCam include: 

* [[Spike Jonze]]'s 1998 "Home" video for [[Sean Lennon]]
* [[Janet Jackson]]'s "[[Go Deep]]" in 1998
* [[Tricky (musician)|Tricky]]'s 1995 video for "Hell Is Round the Corner"
* The [[Marcos Siega]]-directed [[System of a Down]] video for "[[Chop Suey! (song)|Chop Suey!]]" (2001)
* [[Mick Jagger]] and [[Lenny Kravitz]]'s "[[God Gave Me Everything (Mick Jagger song)|God Gave Me Everything]]" (2001) video by [[Mark Romanek]] entirely uses The Bodymount<ref name=":2" />
* [[Siobhán Donaghy]]'s "[[Overrated (Siobhán Donaghy song)|Overrated]]" (2003) video by Big TV!
* The award-winning video for [[Adam Freeland]]'s "[[We Want Your Soul]]" (2003)
* [[Green Day]]'s "[[Jesus of Suburbia]]" (2005) video by [[Samuel Bayer]]
* [[Placebo (band)|Placebo]]'s "[[Meds (song)|Meds]]" (2006) video by David Mould
* [[James Blunt]]'s "[[Same Mistake]]" (2007) directed by [[Jonas Åkerlund]]
* [[Tove Lo]]'s "[[Habits (Tove Lo song)|Habits]]" (2013) video directed by [[Motellet]].
* [[Crobot]]'s "Nowhere to Hide" (2014)

[[Adam Buxton]]/[[Hammer & Tongs|Garth Jennings]]'s video to [[Radiohead]]'s "[[Jigsaw Falling into Place]]" (2008) uses head cams in order to achieve the same effect that the SnorriCam provides. Branden Bratuhin and Marcus Matyas' video for Danielle Duval, "Imposter" (2011) utilized a [[compact digital camera]] to record her singing her song across various locations in Toronto. The music video for "[[All We Know (The Chainsmokers song)|All We Know]]" by [[the Chainsmokers]] and [[Phoebe Ryan]] also features SnorriCam footage from both front and back of the actor. The SnorriCam is also used extensively in the music video for “[[Smooth Sailing (Queens of the Stone Age song)|Smooth Sailing]]” by [[Queens of the Stone Age]], featuring the SnorriCam being used both behind the actor's head as well as in front of their face.

==References==
((reflist))

[[Category:Film and video technology]]
[[Category:Cinematography]]

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