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'''[[Social entrepreneurship]] in [[Russia]]''' is in its infancy.<ref>((cite journal |last=Мамонова |first=А.В. |title=Становление социального предпринимательства в России |journal=Научная перспектива |volume=2 |date=2015 |pages=28–30 |url=http://elar.urfu.ru/bitstream/10995/32441/1/klo_2015_284.pdf))</ref>((sfn|Яремчук|2015)) Its origin as a phenomenon of the post-Soviet history of the country should be attributed to the first half of the 2000s, ((sfn|Сидоров|2015|p=45))((sfn|Московская|2011|p=113)) although similar initiatives of individual enthusiasts occasionally took place already in the 1990s,<ref name="Трифонов">((Cite journal |last=Трифонов |first=А. |url=https://www.hse.ru/data/2010/10/19/1238716668/D&blagotv-68.pdf |title=Такой трудный путь домой |journal=Деньги и благотворительность |year=2008 |volume=3 |number=68|pages=58–61))</ref> and prototypes of social and entrepreneurial activity can be found also in earlier periods, up to the turn of the XIX-XX centuries.((sfn|Гришина|2013|pp=51–52))

The systematic development of this area of business activity has started in the second half of the 2000s in Russia((sfn|Московская|2011|p=113)) and it was associated, first of all, with the emergence of a number of strong systemic private players developing infrastructure, stimulating social entrepreneurs, developing and promoting the theoretical base. Through their efforts, ideas of social entrepreneurship are conveyed to the legislative and executive authorities, the business communities, society in general and potential social entrepreneurs, which gradually creates, formalizes and structures this area. Since the early 2010s, Social Innovation Centers (SICs) have emerged in Russia, which provide training in social entrepreneurship methods and support existing projects.((sfn|Пономарёв С.В.|2016|p=15))

As of the end of 2020, the popularity of social entrepreneurship in Russia remains low: no more than 1% of Russian entrepreneurs are engaged in social business.((sfn|Михеенко|2020|p=29))<ref name="СовФед">((cite web |url=http://council.gov.ru/events/committees/121667/|title=В Совете Федерации обсудили вопросы развития социального предпринимательства в регионах|publisher=[[Federal Assembly (Russia)]]|date=2020-11-25|access-date=2020-12-14))</ref> Their contribution to the country's [[GDP]] in 2015 was 0.36%.<ref name="fontanka">((cite web|url=http://www.fontanka.ru/2016/06/20/053/|title=Социальное предпринимательство как "чисто маргинальная история"|author=Галина Артеменко|publisher=[[:ru:Фонтанка.ру|Fontanka.ru]]|date=2016-06-20|access-date=2017-08-21))</ref> More than half of Russian social entrepreneurs are women aged 30–60.<ref name="fontanka"/>

A number of sustainable projects are operating in Russia, mainly in the areas of farming, [[recycling]] of certain types of household waste, supporting for the [[Disability|disabled]] and [[Old age|elderly]] persons and graduates of [[orphanage]]s as well, the revival of [[Handicraft|folk crafts]], local tourism,((sfn|Сидоров|2015|p=4)) but they also cannot boast of an unconditional success, scale of activity, and even more the replicability of their experience. Large problem areas of paramount importance, such as [[Substance dependence|drug addiction]], [[Alcohol consumption in Russia|alcoholism]], [[unemployment]], general low living standards, [[Corruption in Russia|corruption]] and [[bureaucracy]], are left out of the scope of social entrepreneurs.((sfn|Khaleeva))

Among the reasons for the low popularity of social entrepreneurship in Russia, one should single out the general lack of formation of the class of traditional entrepreneurs, from which representatives of social business should later stand out,((sfn|Яремчук|2015)) insufficient awareness((sfn|Сидоров|2015|p=59))] and poor elaboration of the theoretical base. The curtailment of the work of international non-profit organizations in Russia since the early 2000s,((sfn|Сидоров|2015|p=46))((sfn|Московская|2011|p=111)) the lack of real support at the federal level for a number of traditional social entrepreneurs activities<ref name="Захваткина">((cite web|url=https://www.asi.org.ru/news/2019/07/31/kulturedaekol/|title=Культуре — да, экологии — нет: директор фонда "Наше будущее" комментирует закон о социальном предпринимательстве|author=Александра Захваткина|publisher=[[:ru:Агентство социальной информации|Social Information Agency]]|date=2019-07-31|access-date=2019-08-05))</ref> and the scarcity of the legislative framework also hinder progress in this area.((sfn|Сидоров|2015|p=59))

On July 26, 2019, Law No. 245-FL “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses in the Russian Federation” in terms of consolidating the concepts of “social entrepreneurship”, “social enterprise”» entered into force in Russia.<ref name="ФЗ">((cite web|url=http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201907260077|title=Федеральный закон от 26.07.2019 № 245-ФЗ "О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "О развитии малого и среднего предпринимательства в Российской Федерации" в части закрепления понятий "социальное предпринимательство", "социальное предприятие""|publisher=Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации|date=2019-07-26|access-date=2019-08-05))</ref>

== History ==
=== Russian Empire ===
[[File:Rukavishnikov House of Diligence 04.jpg|thumb|right|In the [[:ru:Дом трудолюбия имени Михаила и Любови Рукавишниковых|Rukavishnikovs House of Diligence]], [[Nizhny Novgorod]]]]
[[File:House of Diligence for Educated Women 02.jpeg|thumb|left|Teaching typing on a [[typewriter]] at the House of Diligence for Educated Women on [[:ru:Улица Восстания (Санкт-Петербург)|Znamenskaya st.]] ([[Saint Petersburg]]) Around 1900, [[Karl Bulla]]'s photo studio]]
The Houses of Diligence, which were transformed from [[workhouse]]s at the end of the 19th century, are considered one of the historical examples of social entrepreneurship in Russia.((sfn|Казакова-Апкаримова|2010|p=131))((sfn|Нестеренко, Плюхина|2017|pp=50–51))

The workhouses that appeared in Russia in the 18th century for a long time were remained, first of all, as a part of the penal system. They were aimed at isolating and forcing criminals and other asocial elements to work.<ref>((cite book| author = [[Vasily Zhukov|Жуков В. И.]] и др | title = История социальной работы | agency = под ред. Т. Б. Кононовой |location= М. |date = 2015 |publisher= ООО «Квант Медиа» | pages = 69))</ref> The idea of a workhouse, borrowed from the experience of European countries, did not take root in Russia: for more than a hundred years, only a few workhouses were opened throughout the empire, and most of them were closed soon after opening.((sfn|Бадя|2008|pp=113–117)) In contrast to the typical workhouse, the [[:ru:Дом трудолюбия (Кронштадт)|House of Diligence in Kronstadt]], founded by the rector of [[Saint Andrew's Cathedral, Kronstadt|St. Andrew's Cathedral]] in [[Kronstadt]], [[John of Kronstadt|Father John]], and [[:de:Otto Balthasar von Buxhoeveden|Baron Otto von Buxhoeveden]] in 1882, was created on ideas of mercy and charity; finding and working were voluntary there.((sfn|Казакова-Апкаримова|2010|p=131))((sfn|Жохова|2015|p=78))

Through the efforts of Baron von Buxhoeveden, and also thanks to the patronage of [[Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg|Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna]], the experience of arranging Houses of Diligence was quickly spread throughout the empire.((sfn|Казакова-Апкаримова|2010|p=131))((sfn|Жохова|2015|p=78)) By the time of the [[October Revolution]], which put an end to the public solution to the problems of poverty, there were hundreds Houses of Diligence, they were represented in most large cities of Russia.((sfn|Бадя|2008|p=129))<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.miloserdie.ru/article/dom-trudolyubiya-svioanna-uchrezhdenie-pervyh-hristian-vremen-apostolskih/|title=Дом трудолюбия св.Иоанна: "Учреждение первых христиан времен апостольских"|author=Кристина Петроченкова|publisher=Милосердие.ru|date=2015-01-02|access-date=2018-09-04))</ref>

=== The Soviet Union ===
The young Soviet state declared a monopoly on solving social problems. It also sought to eradicate [[Entrepreneurship|individual entrepreneurial activity]], replacing it with a [[Kolkhoz|collective approach to economic management]]. Under such conditions, legal social entrepreneurship could not exist.<ref name="Золотухин">((cite web|url=http://bnfsp.ru/сми/выступление-18-11-10-на-конференции-социал/|title=Выступление 18.11.10 на конференции "Социальное предпринимательство в Москве. Опыт. Проблемы. Перспективы"|author=Золотухин В.П.|publisher=Благотворительный Народный Фонд социальной поддержки|date=2017-11-13|access-date=2018-11-07))</ref> At the same time, some researchers point to the implementation of the principles of social entrepreneurship in the Soviet period, under the control of the state. First of all, this applied to the employment of disabled people. In particular, visually impaired people were engaged in the production of [[string bag]]s, the proceeds from the sale of which were directed to additional financing of the houses for disabled persons.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.chaskor.ru/p.php?id=37196&|title=Пять мифов о социальном предпринимательстве|author=Ангелина Горбунова|publisher=[[Chastny Korrespondent]]|date=2014-12-14|access-date=2018-11-07))</ref>

The period of a significant softening of the principles of [[Soviet collectivism]] fell on the 1920s, after the [[New Economic Policy]] (NEP) was adopted on March 14, 1921, by the [[10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]], which replaced the "[[military communism]]" that operated during the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]]. Feeling freedom, private entrepreneurs very soon achieved noticeable successes that allowed them to solve their own [[social issue]]s, while filling the market with goods and services.<ref name="Золотухин"/> However, the NEP period was short-lived, and history has not preserved any examples of enterprises that could be classified as social.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.rusnauka.com/21_AND_2017/Economics/6_228162.doc.htm|title=Предпосылки развития социального предпринимательства|author=Иконникова А.А.|publisher=rusnauka.com|access-date=2018-11-07))</ref>

Having fulfilled the mission of strengthening [[Soviet (council)|Soviet power]], the NEP was phased out by the end of the 1920s. For decades, [[NEPman]] turned into a cultural [[antihero]], and any private enterprise was equated with the extraction of "[[unearned income]]".<ref name="Золотухин"/> This situation persisted until the end of the 1980s, when in a [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|disintegrating state]], the economy of which found itself in the deepest crisis again, entrepreneurial activity was allowed in a form of industrial [[Cooperative|cooperation]].<ref name="Золотухин"/>

=== Russian Federation ===
In conditions of insufficient information and lack of a theoretical basis, the first social entrepreneurs in modern Russia did not initially identify with this concept. One of the earliest examples of a social enterprise should be considered the [[street newspaper]] ''Na Dne'' (since 2003 - ''[[Put Domoi]]''), which has been distributed since 1994 by homeless people of [[St. Petersburg]].<ref name="Трифонов"/>

In the 1990s, [[microfinance]], traditionally referred to as social entrepreneurship, emerged in Russia. By the end of the 20th century, there was a need for an organization representing the interests of the entire microfinance movement, and in 2002, the Russian Microfinance Center (RMC) was established.((sfn|Сидоров|2015|pp=50–51))

A precedent for the institutionalization of social entrepreneurship was created in 2003 in [[Novosibirsk]], where the Center for Social Entrepreneurship was founded at the Institute of Additional Education of [[Novosibirsk State Technical University|NSTU]]. The center was engaged in paid training of students and then supported them in the implementation of innovative social ideas.((sfn|Сафаров|2014|pp=50–51)) Since this project was funded by the international donor Tempus TACIS, and partners were three universities of the UK, Germany and Italy, the Center used foreign experience and the best international practices. In the first years of its operation, the Center itself worked on the principles of social entrepreneurship, enjoyed the support of the regional administration, and a youth [[business incubator]] was created under it.((sfn|Сафаров|2014|pp=50–51)) However, soon, with the exhaustion of grant funds, the topics of the courses shifted towards traditional business management, and then any works in the field of supporting social entrepreneurship were ceased.((sfn|Московская|2011|p=114))<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.nb-forum.ru/news/v-rossii-otkrylsya-pervyy-tsentr-sotsialnogo-predprinimatelstva-i-sotsialnyh-innovatsiy-v-vuze.html|title=В России открылся первый Центр социального предпринимательства и социальных инноваций в вузе|author=Александра Московская|publisher=Новый Бизнес|date=2012-02-09|access-date=2018-09-04))</ref>

The first case of interest in social entrepreneurship on the part of Russian business, probably, belongs to 2003 also - the aluminum company [[RUSAL]] launched the program “One Hundred Cool Projects”. The project was implemented as a competition for high school students in the regions where RUSAL operates. Schoolchildren proposed projects for solving local social problems and received assistance in their implementation on a competitive basis. Thus, a number of projects were implemented to help veterans, pensioners, orphans, homeless animals, as well as a project to preserve local nature and culture.  In themselves, all these projects were not social and entrepreneurial, but charitable (since they provided only one-time targeted assistance), but the involvement of schools, boarding schools, orphanages, specialized educational institutions in their implementation allows us to speak of the presence of elements of social business practices in them.((sfn|Сафаров|2014|pp=51–53))

In 2004, the Youth Bank "Tolyatti Fund" was founded, created by "Lada-credit" Bank on the [[Northern Ireland|Northern Irish]] model. Young people gained access to the management of the bank (under the supervision of a more experienced adviser-curator), financing social, mainly also youth projects.<ref>((Cite journal |url= http://www.edit.muh.ru/content/np/2009_11_st.pdf |title= Банк Молодежных инициатив и год молодежи |journal= Старшеклассник  |date = 2009 |volume= 11 |number= 94|pages = 1 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180805234011/http://www.edit.muh.ru/content/np/2009_11_st.pdf |archive-date = 2018-08-05 ))</ref>

The systemic development of support for social entrepreneurship in Russia begins in the second half of the 2000s.((sfn|Московская|2011|p=113))

Since the beginning of the 2010s, Centers of Innovation in the Social Sphere (CISS) are appearing in different regions of the country, training in social entrepreneurship practices is conducting and support for social and entrepreneurial projects is providing.((sfn|Пономарёв С.В.|2016|p=15))

In 2019, Russia adopted a law on social entrepreneurship, designed to provide financial and other support to social business. To implement the provisions of the adopted law, information on the status of “social entrepreneurs” is entered into the register of [[Small business|small and medium-sized businesses]].<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.nalog.ru/rn54/news/activities_fts/9640089/ |title=Утвержден рекомендуемый формат представления сведений поставщиками для целей ведения Единого реестра МСП в электронной форме |language=ru |publisher=[[Federal Taxation Service]] |access-date=2020-10-30))</ref>

The consequences of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Russia|COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020 were a heavy blow to social enterprises in Russia. Since 2022, social entrepreneurship in Russia has existed in the conditions of [[Economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|economic transformation]] caused by [[International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|international sanctions]].<ref>((Cite journal |author=Федоринин Н. М. |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/transformatsii-modeli-rossiyskogo-sotsialnogo-predprinimatelstva/viewer |title=Трансформации модели российского социального предпринимательства |journal=Социология |year=2022 |volume=  |number=2|pages=289–293))</ref> In April 2022, a program to support social entrepreneurs and NGOs in crisis conditions was announced. The competitive grant program of financing and training "Start differently" is organized by [[Rosbank]] and Impact Hub Moscow.<ref>((cite web |url=https://rb.ru/news/nachni-inache-program/|title="Росбанк» и Impact Hub Moscow объявили старт акселерационной программы «Начни иначе"|author=Ирина Печёрская|publisher=RB.RU |date=2022-04-26|accessdate=2022-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428005315/https://rb.ru/news/nachni-inache-program/|archive-date=2022-04-28|url-status=live))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://sia.ru/?section=484&action=show_news&id=432584 |title=Росбанк и Impact Hub Moscow помогут инклюзивным организациям преодолеть кризис |publisher=СИА|date=2022-04-26|accessdate=2022-04-28))</ref>

To solve their problems, Russian social entrepreneurs organize themselves into associations. As of 2022, there are more than 10 regional Associations of social entrepreneurs operating in the country.<ref>((cite web|url=https://nb-fund.ru/press-center/news/fond-nashe-budushchee-podderzhivaet-assotsiatsii-sotspredprinimateley-regionov/|title=Фонд «Наше будущее» поддерживает ассоциации соцпредпринимателей регионов|publisher=Фонд региональных социальных программ «Наше будущее»|date=2022-08-15|accessdate=2022-08-31))</ref>

== Support for social entrepreneurship ==
=== Support from major businesses ===
The Russian large businesses were the first to draw attention to this area of business activity, which was engaged in the design of the social and entrepreneurial infrastructure within the framework of its own [[Charity (practice)|charitable activities]] and [[corporate social responsibility]]. For 2017, such backbone companies as [[Lukoil]], [[Rusal]], [[SUEK]], [[Severstal]], [[Metalloinvest]] and others have supporting programs for social entrepreneurship.((sfn|Пономарёв С.В.|2016|p=12))

[[File:Impulse of kindness-2016 01.jpg|thumb|left|The "More than a purchase!" stand at the "Impulse of Kindness" award ceremony, 2016]]
[[Oleg Deripaska]]'s [[Rusal]] company pays notable attention to social activities, considering it as part of its development strategy. In 2004, the Center for Social Programs was founded to manage Rusal's social projects.((sfn|Пономарёв С.В.|2016|p=13)) In 2010, the company announced the RUSAL Territory program, within the framework of which 50 projects were implemented with an investment of [[Russian ruble|RUB]] 150 million.<ref name="businessofrussia.com.predprinimatelstvo" />

In 2014, the [[Lukoil]] company, together with the [[Our Future (fund)|Our Future Foundation]], launched the ''More than a Purchase!'' project to promote goods of Russian social entrepreneurs.<ref>((Cite web|url = http://expert.ru/2014/01/31/bolshe-chem-pokupka/|title=Больше чем покупка|date =2014-01-14|publisher =[[Эксперт (журнал)|Expert Online]]))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url = http://ria.ru/economy/20140130/992173374.html|title = Товары соцпредпринимателей будут продаваться на АЗС ЛУКОЙЛ|date=2014-01-30|publisher =[[РИА Новости]]))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.the-village.ru/village/city/city/138315-social|title=На московских заправках появились товары социальных предпринимателей|author=Анна Чесова|date =2014-01-31|publisher=[[:ru:Redefine|The Village]]))</ref>((sfn|Пономарёв С.В.|2016|p=12—13)) The project was launched in a form of competition, and the winners are able to sell their goods in the stores of the Lukoil [[filling station]] network in most of the regions of Russia.<ref name="asi2">((Cite web|url=http://www.asi.org.ru/news/fond-nashe-budushhee-obyavlyaet-konkurs-bolshe-chem-pokupka/|title=Фонд "Наше будущее" объявляет конкурс для соцпредпринимателей "Больше, чем покупка"|date=2014-04-29|publisher=[[:ru:Агентство социальной информации|Social Information Agency]]|access-date=2018-09-20))</ref> By the end of 2016, according to the fund itself, 134 gas stations in 14 regions of Russia were connected to the project.<ref name="obzor2016">((Cite web|url=http://www.nb-fund.ru/news/obzor-vazhneyshih-sobytiy-rossiyskogo-sotsialnogo-biznesa-v-2016-godu.html|title=Обзор важнейших событий российского социального бизнеса в 2016 году|date=2016-12-29|publisher=ФРСП «Наше будущее»|access-date=2018-09-20))</ref>

The classical banking sector also pays attention to social entrepreneurship, conducting research and offering special programs in this area.((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=30)) In some banks, for example, JSC "SME Bank "(Vnesheconombank), there was no special product for social entrepreneurs for 2015, but it was possible to lend at a reduced rate for a number of projects, which included social entrepreneurship projects[50].
The largest Russian coal company [[SUEK]] implements its social programs through the fund for social and economic support of the regions (“SUEK-to-Regions”). The Foundation operates in 48 settlements of Russia. Among the programs is the competition of social and entrepreneurial projects "Sozidanie", held in two stages - regional and interregional. The winners receive financial and organizational support at the start of their projects.((sfn|Пономарёв С.В.|2016|p=13))<ref>((Cite journal |author=Юлия Стагниева |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/v/gosudarstvennaya-podderzhka-razvitiya-sotsialnogo-predprinimatelstva-v-rossii |title=Государственная поддержка развития социального предпринимательства в России |journal=Гуманитарные, социально-экономические и общественные науки |year=2015 |pages=323–325))</ref>

The [[Severstal]] Metallurgical Plant, located in [[Cherepovets]], together with the City Hall, co-founded the "Agency for Urban Development", on the basis of which the "Regional Center for Social Innovations" was organized. In this center, social entrepreneurs receive free assistance and support: accounting, legal and financial-economic. The center has a school of social entrepreneurship.((sfn|Пономарёв С.В.|2016|p=13))

Other large companies also have their own programs to support social entrepreneurship, such as [[Nornickel]], [[Metalloinvest]], [[:ru:Объединённая металлургическая компания|United Metallurgical Company]] (UMC), etc.<ref>((cite web|url=https://bosfera.ru/bo/nataliya-zvereva-fond-nashe-budushchee-v-socialnom-predprinimatelstve-my-zadaem-trend?_utl_t=fb|title=Наталия Зверева (Фонд "Наше будущее"): В социальном предпринимательстве мы задаем тренд|author=Роман Давыдов|date=2017-04-25|publisher=Банковское обозрение))</ref>

The classical banking sector also pays attention to social entrepreneurship, conducting research and offering special programs in this area.((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=30)) Some banks, for example, [[VEB.RF|Vnesheconombank]], had no special product for social entrepreneurs for 2015, but it was possible to lend at a reduced rate for a number of projects, social entrepreneurship projects included.((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=31))

=== Institutional support ===
[[File:Impulse of kindness - 2015.jpg|thumb|Impulse of Kindness Award for social entrepreneurship, 2015]]
A number of institutions of the systematic support of social entrepreneurship in Russia are also rooted in major business. On an ongoing basis, such support is provided by the private [[Our Future (fund)|Our Future Foundation]], which, according to a number of experts, takes the leading role in this area.((sfn|Сидоров|2015|pp=48–49))((sfn|Нестеренко, Плюхина|2017|p=55))((sfn|Козлова, Копылова, Тагирова|2018|p=19)) The fund was founded by the president of the oil company "[[Lukoil]]" [[Vagit Alekperov]]. The main types of support provided by the fund are financial (loans, grants and equity participation) and consulting (direct consultations, training, assistance in exchanging experience, building relationships with other organizations, forming communities of social entrepreneurs and enterprises).((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=29)) The Fund issues interest-free loans to both start-up entrepreneurs and active businesses.((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=29)) As of 2021, the fund, according to its own data, supported 312 social entrepreneurship projects located in 59 regions of Russia, 787.97 million rubles were allocated for their implementation.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.asi.org.ru/news/2021/10/04/fond-nashe-budushhee-profinansiroval-soczialnyj-mediczinskij-proekt-v-astrahani/|title=Фонд "Наше будущее" профинансировал социальный медицинский проект в Астрахани|date=2021-10-04 |publisher=Social Information Agency|accessdate=2021-10-06))</ref> Among the main infrastructure projects of the fund: the All-Russian competition "Social Entrepreneur", the Laboratory of Social Entrepreneurship, the program "More than a Purchase!", opening access to retail chains for social entrepreneurs, the "Impulse of Kindness" award for contribution to the development and promotion of social entrepreneurship in Russia.<ref name="9 лет">((cite web |url=http://www.nb-fund.ru/news/fondu-nashe-buduschee-ispolnilos-devyat-let.html|title=Фонду "Наше будущее" — девять лет|publisher=ФРСП «Наше будущее» |date=2016-06-06|access-date=2018-09-20))</ref><ref>((cite web|author=Наталья Баранова|url=https://te-st.ru/2017/02/21/competition-for-entrepreneurs-and-ncos-on-socio-franchise/|title=Бесплатная разработка франшизы: конкурс для предпринимателей и НКО|date=2017-02-21|access-date=2018-09-20))</ref> The Foundation also performs a popularizing and educational function - it publishes literature on social business, supports thematic portals: "New Business: Social Entrepreneurship" and "Bank of Social Ideas",((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=29)) conducts research, organizes scientific and public discussions.((sfn|Сидоров|2015|pp=48–49)) With the support of the Our Future Foundation, from 2015 to 2019, the reference catalog "Social Entrepreneurship of Russia" was published<ref>((cite news|url=http://www.nb-fund.ru/news/v-rossii-poyavilsya-pervyy-katalog-sotsialnoe-predprinimatelstvo-v-rossii.html|title=В Москве презентовали каталог "Социальное предпринимательство в России"|date=2014-11-19|publisher=Фонд региональных социальных программ «Наше будущее»|accessdate=2016-04-21))</ref> — a project of the Gladway Foundation for the Development of Media Projects and Social Programs distributed free of charge in [[pdf format]].<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.asi.org.ru/news/pervyj-katalog-sotsialnoe-predprinimatelstvo-rossii-otkryt-dlya-besplatnogo-skachivaniya/|title=Первый каталог "Социальное предпринимательство России" открыт для бесплатного скачивания|date=2015-03-03|publisher=Агентство стратегических инициатив|accessdate=2015-05-19|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150519232134/https://www.asi.org.ru/news/pervyj-katalog-sotsialnoe-predprinimatelstvo-rossii-otkryt-dlya-besplatnogo-skachivaniya/|archivedate=2015-05-19))</ref> In 2021, the quarterly bilingual (Russian-English) magazine "Positive Changes" became the successor of this project.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.asi.org.ru/news/2021/12/21/vyshel-pervyj-nomer-mezhdunarodnogo-nauchno-populyarnogo-zhurnala-ob-impakt-investicziyah-i-oczenke-soczialnogo-vozdejstviya/|title=Вышел первый номер журнала об импакт-инвестициях и оценке социального воздействия|publisher=Агентсво социальной информации|date=2021-12-21|accessdate=2021-12-23))</ref><ref>((Cite journal |author=Владимир Вайнер |url=https://impactjournal.ru |title=Новая жизнь издательского проекта "Каталог "Социальное предпринимательство России"" |journal=Позитивные изменения |year=2021 |volume=1 |number=1|page=79 |language= ))</ref>

The [[Agency for Strategic Initiatives (Russia)|Agency for Strategic Initiatives to Promote New Projects]] (Agency for Strategic Initiatives, ASI) is an autonomous non-profit organization created by the [[Government of Russia]] in 2011.<ref name="Распоряжение АСИ">((cite web|url=http://government.ru/gov/results/16183/|title=Распоряжение Правительства РФ от 11 августа 2011 г. №1393-р "Об учреждении автономной некоммерческой организации "Агентство стратегических инициатив по продвижению новых проектов"|publisher=[[Government of Russia]]|access-date=2012-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927063513/http://government.ru/gov/results/16183/|url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-09-27))</ref> The agency declares support for projects in several areas: innovative business, search and attraction of talented young leaders, promotion and replication of socially significant initiatives. ASI has developed a "roadmap" for "supporting access of non-governmental organizations to the provision of services in the social sphere", the document was approved by the government in June 2016.<ref>((cite web |url=http://smb.gov.ru/mediacenter/bisnessnews/14167.html|title=В Минэкономразвития внесена дорожная карта по поддержке социального бизнеса|publisher=Федеральный портал малого и среднего предпринимательства|date=2014-06-23|access-date=2018-10-03))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=https://www.asi.org.ru/article/2016/06/29/chernovik-artem-shadrin/|title=Артем Шадрин о дорожной карте доступа НКО к рынку социальных услуг|author=Георгий Иванушкин|publisher=[[:ru:Агентство социальной информации|Social Information Agency]]|date=2016-06-29|access-date=2018-10-03))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://government.ru/docs/23445/|title=Об утверждении "дорожной карты" "Поддержка доступа негосударственных организаций к предоставлению услуг в социальной сфере"|publisher=[[Government of Russia]]|date=2016-06-21|access-date=2018-10-03))</ref>

The public organization of small and medium-sized businesses [[:ru:Опора России|Support of Russia]] deals, among other things, with the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia. In the regional branches of the organization there are committees for social entrepreneurship. The Opora-Sozidanie project appeals to the traditions of charity and patronage of Russian entrepreneurship and is declared as aimed at the development of socially responsible entrepreneurship, the dissemination of practices and models of corporate, charitable and socially oriented activities. The peculiarity of the project is the introduction of [[Orthodox Christianity in Russia|Orthodox]] ethics into entrepreneurial activity (the sophianic nature of the economy).((sfn|Пономарёв С.В.|2016|pp=14–15))

The Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RUIE) also systematically promotes ideas and principles of social entrepreneurship. The RUIE has a Department of Corporate Responsibility, Sustainable Development and Social Entrepreneurship. An annual all-Russian competition of the RUIE is held, reports and round tables at conferences within the framework of the Russian Business Week are devoted to the issues of social entrepreneurship.((sfn|Пономарёв С.В.|2016|p=15)) In May 2016, the President of the RUIE, [[Alexander Shokhin]], was awarded the Impulse of Kindness prize from the [[Our Future (fund)|Our Future Foundation]] for supporting and promoting social entrepreneurship.<ref>((cite web|url=http://tass.ru/novosti-agentstva/3292326|title=Названы лучшие социальные предприниматели России|publisher=ТАСС|date=2016-05-18|access-date=2017-09-03))</ref>

The Junior Achievement Russia, an interregional public organization, implements a number of specialized training programs for entrepreneurs, including the Social Entrepreneurship program for young people aged 15–18, as well as master classes for social entrepreneurs.((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=29))

The Reach for Change Charity Foundation supports projects aimed at improving the lives of children and adolescents on a competitive basis. Anyone can participate in the competition whose projects meet a number of conditions: social impact, scalability, financial stability, and the possibility of long-term development. Winning projects receive financial support, including salary payments for the initiator of the project for the period of its formation, as well as advice and training from the Fund's partners.((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|pp=29–30))

Support for social entrepreneurship is also declared through [[microfinance]] organizations, which, according to 2015 data, were more than 600 in Russia.((sfn|Сидоров|2015|pp=50–51)) Since 2002, the Russian Microfinance Center (RMC) has been operating in Russia, which organizes joint projects together with the [[Grameen Bank|Gramin Creative Laboratory]], [[Yunus Centre]] and [[Yunus Social Business – Global Initiatives|Yunus Social Business]].<ref name="businessofrussia.com.predprinimatelstvo" /> The RMC is actively engaged in charity work, its representatives participate in a public discussion on the concept of state support for social entrepreneurship in the country.((sfn|Сидоров|2015|pp=50–51))

Among other public institutions that consistently support social entrepreneurship in Russia, we can distinguish the [[Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation|Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Russia]] and the [[Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation|Civic Chamber of Russia]].

In June 2022, a coalition of participants in the social entrepreneurship support infrastructure was formed in Russia. The initiator of the coalition was the Social Projects Support Fund established by the [[Agency for Strategic Initiatives (Russia)|Agency for Strategic Initiatives]]. The coalition includes 15 organizations: [[Our Future (fund)|Our Future Foundation]], Elena and Gennady Timchenko Charitable Foundation, Social Investment Fund, [[Help Needed|Help Needed Foundation]], Center for General Academic Educational Initiatives ([[Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration|RANEPA]]), Positive Change Factory, Social Information Agency, National Qualifications Development Agency, Impact Hub Moscow, Center for Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation ([[Higher School of Economics]]), the International Business School of the [[Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation]] and others.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.asi.org.ru/news/2022/06/29/koalicziya-uchastnikov-infrastruktury-podderzhki-soczialnogo-predprinimatelstva-poyavilas-v-rossii/|title=Коалиция участников инфраструктуры поддержки социального предпринимательства появилась в России|publisher=[[Агентство социальной информации]]|date=2022-06-29|accessdate=2022-06-30))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://asi.ru/news/189082/|title=В России создана коалиция участников инфраструктуры поддержки социального предпринимательства|author=Василина Васильева|publisher=[[Агентство стратегических инициатив по продвижению новых проектов|Агентство стратегических инициатив]]|date=2022-06-29|accessdate=2022-06-30))</ref>

The world's leading fund for support of social entrepreneurs [[Ashoka (non-profit organization)|Ashoka]] (USA) is not represented in Russia due to restrictions on the activities of foreign NPOs, but Russian social entrepreneurs can contact it through the official website. The Foundation both provides financial support and conducts trainings for social entrepreneurs, as well as promotes their projects and encourages information exchange.((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=30))

=== Social entrepreneurship trainings ===
In 2011, the [[Omsk]] regional public organization "Resource Center of Community Active Schools" opened the country's first "School of Social Entrepreneurship". The next year, 2012, at the suggestion of the Agency for Strategic Initiatives to Promote New Projects (ASI), the Resource Center was transformed into the first Social Innovation Center in Russia (SIC).<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.nb-forum.ru/interesting/experts/irina-serbina.html|title=Ирина Сербина: "Социального предпринимателя ждет успех, только если он предложит рынку уникальный продукт"|author=Ирина Крейнина|publisher=Новый Бизнес|date=2013-08-27|access-date=2018-10-07))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.nb-fund.ru/about-us/partners/tsentr-innovatsiy-sotsialnoy-sfery-omskoy-oblasti.html|title=Центр инноваций социальной сферы Омской области|publisher=ФРСП «Наше будущее»|date=2016-02-21|access-date=2017-06-26))</ref> In 2013, it was decided to replicate this experience with the support from ASI.<ref>((YouTube|MLLREJCGmD0|Омская школа социального предпринимательства))</ref> For 2016, SICs are represented in more than 25 regions of Russia, and their number is increasing. Some of them have schools of social entrepreneurship, in which training usually lasts 2–6 months. For 2018, one Omsk School of Social Entrepreneurship has completed more than 30 graduating classes, more than 800 of its graduates have founded more than 500 projects in the field of social entrepreneurship.

In addition to educational, SICs provide versatile support to social projects of small and medium-sized businesses: informational, consulting, mentoring, legal, logistics, organizational, popularization - with the exception of financial one, witch can be provided by regional foundations, business incubators, associations of entrepreneurs.((sfn|Пономарёв С.В.|2016|p=15)) In 2013, [[RUSAL]] opened a [[:ru:Центр инноваций в социальной сфере (Русал)|SIC]] in [[Krasnoyarsk]], whose activities are aimed at involving people with entrepreneurial activity, as well as heads of small and medium-sized businesses and socially oriented non-profit organizations in solving social problems of the regions through the implementation of social and entrepreneurial projects. RUSAL became the first representative of large business to support the creation of SICs.<ref name="НЭП">((cite web |title=АСИ и Русал откроют в Красноярске первый в России совместный "Центр инноваций социальной сферы"|date=2013-03-27|publisher=НЭП 08 |url=http://www.nep08.ru/industry/news/2013/03/27/asi_rusal_centr/ |access-date=2018-09-20 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150501213951/http://www.nep08.ru/industry/news/2013/03/27/asi_rusal_centr/ |archive-date=2015-05-01))</ref><ref name="businessofrussia.com.predprinimatelstvo">((Cite journal |title=Социальное предпринимательство: всё только начинается |journal=Бизнес России |date=May 2013 |volume=5 |number=147))</ref>

The [[Moscow State University|MSU]] Graduate School of Management and Innovation program includes a full academic course in social entrepreneurship. The course is paid, lasting 72 academic hours, taught by teachers of the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Public Administration of Moscow State University. Among the disciplines of the course: business planning, financial management, modern experience in the development of social entrepreneurship.<ref name="village">((cite web|url=https://www.the-village.ru/village/business/goodstarter/223643-kindness-academy|title=Академия доброты: Где научиться социальному предпринимательству|publisher=[[:ru:Redefine|The Village]]|date=2015-10-14|access-date=2018-10-07))</ref>

The Center for Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation at the [[Higher School of Economics]] also offers lectures and courses on social entrepreneurship.<ref name="village"/>

Since 2015, [[Saint Petersburg State University|St. Petersburg State University]] has been running a training program for social entrepreneurs, with the opportunity to listen to lectures remotely and with subsequent mandatory certification.<ref name="village"/>

=== Governmental support ===
Although attempts to support social entrepreneurship are noted at the federal and regional levels in Russia, they lack consistency,((sfn|Нестеренко, Плюхина|2017|p=11)) and, as a consequence, the effectiveness of this activity remains questionable.((sfn|Нестеренко, Плюхина|2017|p=8)) Unlike many countries, social entrepreneurship in Russia is not recognized as a special [[:ru:Общероссийский классификатор видов экономической деятельности|type of economic activity]], social entrepreneurs do not receive tax benefits.((sfn|Нестеренко, Плюхина|2017|p=10)) The “Law on Social Entrepreneurship” adopted in 2019 separates social entrepreneurship into an area of [[Small business|small and medium-sized businesses]], thus, this type of economic activity has received its own federal legislative framework. But even after that, social entrepreneurs, as before, can rely only on targeted financial, property, information, and consulting support from the state.<ref name="economy.gov.ru.doc20130424_06">((cite web|url=http://economy.gov.ru/minec/activity/sections/smallBusiness/doc20130424_06|title=Приказ Минэкономразвития России № 220 от 24.04.2013 г. "Об организации проведения конкурсного отбора субъектов Российской Федерации, бюджетам которых в 2013 году предоставляются субсидии из федерального бюджета на государственную поддержку малого и среднего предпринимательства субъектами Российской Федерации"|date=2013-04-24|publisher=[[Ministry of Economic Development (Russia)|Ministry of Economic Development]]|access-date=2018-09-20))</ref>((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=27))

In fact, the task of systemic support of social entrepreneurs in Russia has been transferred to the regional authorities and the Social Innovation Centers (SICs) (created by Order of the [[Ministry of Economic Development (Russia)|Ministry of Economic Development of Russia]] No. 220 dated 04.24.2013 and financed by subsidies from the federal budget<ref name="economy.gov.ru.doc20130424_06"/>) and subsidies by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 23.08 .11 No. 713 "On providing support to socially oriented non-profit organizations".((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=26)) In particular, for 2011–2013, the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia allocated budget funds in the total amount of 880 million rubles for the implementation of measures to support socially oriented NPOs, of which 600 million - for subsidies to regional budgets, 132 million - for direct subsidies of socially oriented NPOs, 100 million - to train socially oriented employees of non-profit organizations.((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=27))

As of August 2014, with the support of the [[Agency for Strategic Initiatives (Russia)|Agency for Strategic Initiatives]] (ASI) and the Ministry of Economic Development, 12 social innovation centers began to operate, but the results of their activities for 2015 did not receive wide coverage in specialized publications.<ref name="rg.ru.biznes"/> The 2015 budget allocated 160 million rubles to subsidize projects to attract a private investor to the social services sector.<ref name="chaskor.ru.37198">((cite web|url=http://www.chaskor.ru/article/biznes_i_zakon_37198|title=Бизнес и закон|author=Дарья Лебедева |date=2014-12-15|publisher=[[Chastny Korrespondent]]|access-date=2015-09-20))</ref> By mid-2019, the number of SICs reached 38; by 2024, it is planned to increase their number to 70.<ref>((cite web|url=https://tass.ru/msp/6621767|title=Центры инноваций социальной сферы появятся в большинстве регионов России|publisher=[[ТАСС]]|date=2019-07-02|access-date=2021-01-11))</ref>

In 2017, on the initiative of the General Director of the Agency for Strategic Initiatives Svetlana Chupsheva and with the approval of President [[Vladimir Putin]], the federal Fund for the Support of Social Projects was founded. In her statement, Chupsheva named the country's regions that were leading at that time in this indicator: [[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]], [[Bashkortostan]], [[Perm Krai]], [[Murmansk Oblast]], [[Ulyanovsk Oblast]], [[St. Petersburg]].<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3312130|title=В России появится фонд поддержки социального предпринимательства|date=2017-05-30|access-date=2017-12-21))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://fundsp.ru/pages/our-history.html|title=История|publisher=Фонд поддержки социальных проектов|access-date=2021-01-11))</ref>

In August 2021, within the framework of the national project "Small and Medium-sized Entrepreneurship", it was decided to provide financial support to social enterprises in the regions. By the end of the year, social entrepreneurs were offered to receive gratuitous grant assistance for business development on a competitive basis. The grant amount was up to 500 thousand rubles in Russia and up to 1 million rubles for the Arctic zone. 1.2 billion rubles were allocated for the implementation of this program.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/news/maksim_reshetnikov_na_podderzhku_socialnyh_predpriyatiy_v_regionah_vydeleno_12_mlrd_rubley.html|title=Максим Решетников: на поддержку социальных предприятий в регионах выделено 1,2 млрд рублей|publisher=[[Ministry of Economic Development (Russia)|Ministry of Economic Development]]|date=2021-08-13|accessdate=2022-02-12))</ref> At the same time, social entrepreneurs were ordered to find 50% of the required amount in the form of co-financing. In 2022, the requirement to attract co-financing was relaxed - up to 25% of the total amount.<ref name="3goda"/>

== State and problems of social entrepreneurship in Russia ==
Social entrepreneurship in Russia, although it has historical roots, is not developed, and there are very few entrepreneurs acting according to its canons. It is usually expressed in individual initiatives, and not in a mass movement.((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=23)) According to the [[Agency for Strategic Initiatives (Russia)|Agency for Strategic Initiatives]], in 2017, only about 1% of companies were engaged in social entrepreneurship in Russia in one form or another,<ref name="businessofrussia.com.predprinimatelstvo" /> while in Western Europe this figure reaches 25%.((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=23)) In Russia, there were only about 6.8 thousand enterprises, which can be classified as social.((sfn|Нестеренко, Плюхина|2017|p=8))

The only large-scale comprehensive study of social entrepreneurship in Russia is the project of the Russian Microfinance Center and the British organization [[Oxfam]], carried out in 2008–2009. The researchers drew conclusions about the “beginning of the path” of Russian social entrepreneurship, as well as the novelty and lack of a common understanding of this term in Russian society. At the same time, in the course of research in Russia, all the necessary conditions for the development of social entrepreneurship were found.((sfn|Глушков)) As a result of this project, A. A. Moskovskaya wrote the monograph “Social Entrepreneurship in Russia and the World. Practice and Research ”, which remains the most detailed and cited work on this topic.((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=4))

In 2016 and 2019, the charity [[Thomson Reuters Foundation]] surveyed nearly 900 social entrepreneurship experts from 45 of the world's largest economies. The respondents included researchers, social entrepreneurs, investors, officials and other competent persons. The survey resulted in a ranking of countries with the best conditions for social entrepreneurs.<ref>((cite web|url=http://poll2019.trust.org/methodology/|title=Methodology. The best countries to be a social entrepreneur 2019|publisher=Thomson Reuters Foundation|access-date=2019-12-06))
</ref> In 2019, Russia was in the middle or top half of the list by almost all indicators, while showing significant growth, with the exception of the ease of sale of goods and services. The researchers concluded that there is an increase in social entrepreneurship in Russia, but the overall level of entrepreneurial activity remains low.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.forbes.ru/forbes-woman/386299-rossiya-zanyala-6-mesto-sredi-stran-s-luchshimi-usloviyami-dlya-zhenshchin-v|title=Россия заняла 6 место среди стран с лучшими условиями для женщин в социальном бизнесе|author=Анастасия Миткевич|work=[[:ru:Forbes (Россия)|Forbes Russia]]|date=2019-10-28|access-date=2019-12-06))</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rating of Russia's attractiveness for social entrepreneurs among the 45 largest economies in the world((sfn|Жураковский|2017|pp=4–5))((sfn|TRF-2019))((sfn|TRF-2016))
|-
!  !! 2019 !! 2016
|-
| style="background:#eaecf0;" | '''Starting conditions''' || 28 || 40
|-
| style="background:#eaecf0;" | '''Governmental support''' || 7 || 17
|-
| style="background:#eaecf0;" | '''Availability of grants''' || 24 || 31
|-
| style="background:#eaecf0;" | '''Investment availability''' || 25 || 27
|-
| style="background:#eaecf0;" | '''Availability of non-financial support''' || 12 || 17
|-
| style="background:#eaecf0;" | '''Ease of selling goods and services to the state''' || 22 || 16
|-
| style="background:#eaecf0;" | '''Ease of selling goods and services to businesses''' || 38 || 31
|-
| style="background:#eaecf0;" | '''Ease of selling goods and services to a private consumer''' || 23 || 6
|-
| style="background:#eaecf0;" | '''Attracting high-level specialists''' || 38 || 36
|-
| style="background:#eaecf0;" | '''Understanding by the population of the essence of social entrepreneurship''' || 23 || 27
|-
| style="background:#eaecf0;" | '''The ability to support yourself by doing social business''' || 7 || 8
|-
| style="background:#eaecf0;" | '''Growth rates of social entrepreneurship''' || 23 || 43
|-
| style="background:#eaecf0;" | '''Share of women among social entrepreneurs''' || 6 (73,77%)|| 2 (78,1%)
|-
| style="background:#eaecf0;" | '''Share of youth (under 25) among social entrepreneurs''' || 41 (66,93%) || -
|}

The vice-president of the public organization "Support of Russia" Nikolai Nikolayev identified three crisis phenomena that the emerging social entrepreneurship faced in Russia: the crisis of definition, the crisis of representativeness and the problem of replication.<ref name="rg.ru.biznes">((cite web|url=http://www.rg.ru/2014/08/19/biznes.html|title=Тернистый путь|author=Николай Николаев|date=2014-08-19|publisher=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|access-date=2018-09-20))</ref>

=== Achievements of social entrepreneurs ===
The first medical alarm project in Russia [[:ru:Кнопка жизни|Life Button]], an emergency call system for the elderly and disabled, became the winner of the All-Russian Entrepreneurial Competition "Business Innovative Technologies 2011", as well as the "Telecom Idea" competition established by [[MTS (network provider)|MTS]], and was included in the list of 10 best [[startup]]s of 2011 according to [[:ru:Forbes (Россия)|Forbes]].((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=30))

In 2017, the product of social entrepreneurship - the project for the production of technical means of rehabilitation for disabled children “I Can!” from the [[Sverdlovsk region]] - became the winner of the All-Russian competition “[[:ru:100 лучших товаров России|100 Best Goods of Russia]]” for the first time.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.nb-fund.ru/news/100-luchshikh-tovarov.html|title=Продукция победителя конкурса Фонда вошла в сотню лучших товаров России|publisher=ФРСП «Наше будущее»|date=2017-12-01|access-date=2017-12-21))</ref>

=== Theoretical base problem ===
[[File:Пресс-конференция Социальное предпринимательство в России – будущее страны 2019 Наше будущее 6.png|thumb|Press conference organized by the [[Our Future (fund)|Our Future Foundation]], with the participation of [[Grameen Bank]] founder and Nobel Prize laureate [[Muhammad Yunus]], July 2, 2019]]
Certain difficulties are created by a weak theoretical base, insufficient awareness and education of citizens. Generally, in Russia, the theory of social entrepreneurship is not sufficiently formalized and has not received proper distribution yet.((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=15)) Experts and the scientific community do not come to a consensus on classifying a particular activity in Russia as social entrepreneurship.((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|pp=14–15)) On the one hand, it is noted that many "serial" projects that have already been tested abroad are not yet implemented in Russia - for example, in the field of housing and employment of people without a fixed place of residence, few projects in the field of ecology, and a number of others.((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=19)) On the other hand, the relevance of traditional “classic” projects of social entrepreneurship is being questioned.((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=21))

In addition, experts note that in Russia social business is often confused with charity. Genuine Russian social entrepreneurs rarely define themselves by this fashionable phrase,((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|pp=22–23)) while various imitators, on the contrary, actively use it to gain access to grants, loans, various preferences, for the purpose of PR or as a marketing ploy.((sfn|Бегимбетова, Прохорова|2016|p=))

Nikolai Nikolaev notes that with all the variety of definitions of social entrepreneurship in Russia, there are two opposite in meaning: "entrepreneurial activity aimed at solving social and environmental problems and achieving socially useful goals", which corresponds to the classical understanding, and "entrepreneurship in the social sphere" aimed at making a profit. According to the expert, the second definition, in contrast to the desirable first one, is closer and more understandable to Russian legislators and statesmen.<ref name="rg.ru.biznes" />

In 2016, [[Natalia Zvereva (economist)|Natalia Zvereva]], Director of the [[Our Future (fund)|Our Future Foundation]], said that the problem of identifying and assessing social business in Russia is “a thing of the past” and “we can say that an expert community has been formed in the country with professional skills and competencies in the field of assessment social and entrepreneurial projects.”<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2961049|title=Наталия Зверева: "Мы двигались на ощупь"|date =2016-04-21|publisher=[[Kommersant.ru]]|access-date=2018-10-04))</ref>

However, an expert study from 2020 to 2021 showed that the problem of the ambiguity of the concept of “social entrepreneurship” has not disappeared. Even experts in the field of social business adhered to its different interpretations, and one of the respondents rated the degree of legal certainty of the concept of “social entrepreneurship” at 2 points out of 10. About a third of the experts could not choose a definition close to them from the proposed options and formulated their own. The terminological problem caused a large scatter in the estimates for the rest of the survey items and, as a result, was recognized as the basic one for the entire field of social business.<ref name="ТАСС-исследование">((cite web|url=https://tass.ru/obschestvo/11856571|title=Что нужно знать о социальном предпринимательстве и его перспективах в России|publisher=[[ТАСС]]|date=2021-07-16|accessdate=2021-08-16))</ref>

=== The problem of representativeness ===
According to Nikolayev, in Russia there is a situation where "there are more experts than social entrepreneurs themselves." At the same time, new infrastructural elements of support for social business continue to be created, which does not lead to the expected increase in the number of social entrepreneurs. In general, there is a disproportion: high activity on the part of experts and the state “from above” with low activity of citizens “from below.”<ref name="rg.ru.biznes" />

If experts and philanthropists from big business are driven by enthusiasm, then the state in the person of officials sees in “social entrepreneurship” a universal means of solving accumulated social problems. However, the efforts of both are sometimes frustrated by the passivity of potential social entrepreneurs.<ref name="rg.ru.biznes" /> Anton Yaremchuk (ASI) sees the main problem of the Russian social entrepreneur precisely in his “dependent approach, the feeling that the state owes him something personally”.((sfn|Яремчук|2015))

As for the efforts of the state, A. Moskovskaya, commenting on the project of the [[Ministry of Economic Development (Russia)|Ministry of Economic Development]] on the creation of Innovation Centers in the social sphere and the ASI's forecasts to receive 50 thousand socially-oriented enterprises by 2020, noted that “social entrepreneurship is not created according to the plan in any country” and that such initiatives should not come "from above", but should be "born by the business itself".((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=24))

=== Replication problem ===
Replicability, one of the main features of a business that claims to be social,((sfn|Жохова|2015|p=84)) is also not doing well in Russia. Virtually every relatively successful social enterprise lives on the energy, charisma, and other personal qualities of its founder. If he leaves the social enterprise he created, it either ceases to exist, or will soon be transformed into an ordinary business project.<ref name="rg.ru.biznes" />

=== Legal regulation ===
Due to the insufficient elaboration of the theoretical base in the legislation of the Russian Federation, for a long time there was no separate general legal section on social entrepreneurship.((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=14)) There was no legal framework that could regulate all issues of social entrepreneurship, simplify the creation of social enterprises and reduce taxes for social entrepreneurs.((sfn|Сафаров|2014|p=56))((sfn|Нестеренко, Плюхина|2017|p=10))

Until 2019, the only federal legislative act containing the definition of social entrepreneurship was the order of the [[Ministry of Economic Development (Russia)|Ministry of Economic Development of Russia]] dated April 24, 2013 N 220 “On organizing the competitive selection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, whose budgets in 2013 are provided with subsidies from the federal budget for state support of small and medium entrepreneurship". That definition was applied only to recipients of support along the line indicated by the Ministry<ref name="chaskor.ru.37198" /><ref name="minec.220">((cite web|url=http://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/70269330/|title=Приказ Министерства экономического развития РФ от 24 апреля 2013 г. N 220 "Об организации проведения конкурсного отбора субъектов Российской Федерации, бюджетам которых в 2013 году предоставляются субсидии из федерального бюджета на государственную поддержку малого и среднего предпринимательства субъектами Российской Федерации"|date=2013-05-14|publisher=[[Ministry of Economic Development (Russia)]]|access-date=2018-09-20))</ref> and, according to experts, was vague, terminologically imperfect and, in fact, did not provide legislative support for social entrepreneurship in the classical sense, especially in all the variety of its forms.((sfn|Исаев и др.|2013|p=14))

In September 2013, the Federation Council Committee on Social Policy prepared amendments to the draft law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services to the Population in the Russian Federation”, introducing the terms “social entrepreneur” and “social entrepreneurship” into federal legislation, but they were not adopted.<ref name="chaskor.ru.37198" /> The next attempt was made on October 16, 2014: a group of parliamentarians from the Upper and Lower Chambers of the Federal Assembly introduced a bill on social entrepreneurship and forms of support to the State Duma, but it was not adopted either.<ref name="chaskor.ru.37198" /><ref name="zak.20141016">((cite web|url=http://asozd2c.duma.gov.ru/addwork/scans.nsf/ID/BD18528F05CBDC2643257D73003110E0/$FILE/624513-6.PDF|title=О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "О развитии малого и среднего предпринимательства в Российской Федерации"|date=2014-10-16|access-date=2018-09-20))</ref>

In August 2016, the Ministry of Economic Development came up with an initiative to amend the current legislation in order to consolidate the concept of "social entrepreneurship" in it. Discussion of the draft federal law took place on the "Federal Portal of Draft Normative Legal Acts".<ref>((Cite web|url=https://regulation.gov.ru/projects/List/AdvancedSearch#npa=52524|title=Текст законопроекта "О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации (в части закрепления понятия "социальное предпринимательство")"|date=2016-08-09|publisher=Федеральный портал проектов нормативных правовых актов|access-date=2016-08-31))</ref> It was based on a bill introduced a year earlier by [[Galina Karelova]], [[:ru:Бокова, Людмила Николаевна|Lyudmila Bokova]] and a number of other senators and deputies with the support of the [[Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs]] and its president, [[Alexander Shokhin]], personally. The authors proposed to make appropriate amendments and additions to federal laws No. 135-FZ "On protection of competition" and No. 209-FZ "On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation". As a result of public discussion and subsequent criticism, the bill had to be seriously revised.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.nb-forum.ru/news/nachalos-obsuzhdenie-zakona-o-sotsialnom-predprinimatelstve.html|title=Началось обсуждение закона о социальном предпринимательстве|date=2016-08-10|publisher=Новый бизнес. Социальное предпринимательство|access-date=2016-08-31))</ref> As a result of public discussion and subsequent criticism, the bill had to be seriously revised.<ref name="Николаева">((cite web|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3188689|title=Социальных предпринимателей введут в закон|author=Дарья Николаева|publisher=[[Kommersant]]|date=2017-01-12|access-date=2017-06-26))</ref>

In January 2017, a new version of the bill prepared by the Ministry of Economic Development was announced. It was proposed to extend it to small and medium-sized businesses, 30% of whose employees are disabled, single or large parents, graduates of orphanages and former prisoners, and their share in the wages fund is at least 25%. It was also proposed to consider an enterprise as social if at least 70% of its income comes from certain types of activities related to social: health care, physical education and mass sports, preschool education, social tourism, cultural and educational activities. The document was sent for approval to the [[Federal Antimonopoly Service]], the [[Federal Taxation Service|Federal Tax Service]], the [[Ministry of Finance (Russia)|Ministry of Finance]] and the [[Ministry of Labour and Social Protection (Russia)|Ministry of Labor]].<ref name="Николаева"/>

In July 2017, Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] announced the adoption of a package of laws on social entrepreneurship in the fall of the same year. According to him, the Cabinet of Ministers prepared two bills: the first defined the concept of social entrepreneurship, the second prescribed the mechanisms for its implementation.<ref>((cite web|url=http://iz.ru/624565/2017-07-26/putin-zakony-o-socialnom-predprinimatelstve-dolzny-byt-prinaty-osenu|title=Путин: законы о социальном предпринимательстве должны быть приняты осенью|author=Андрей Сердечнов|publisher=[[Известия]]|date=2017-07-26|access-date=2017-07-31))</ref> It was expected that the State Duma would adopt a federal law "On Social Entrepreneurship" in December 2017,<ref>((cite web|url=http://ttelegraf.ru/news/aktualnye-voprosy-razvitija-socialnogo-predprinimatelstva-obsudjat-v-norilske-vo-vtornik|title=Актуальные вопросы развития социального предпринимательства обсудят в Норильске во вторник|publisher=Таймырский телеграф|date=2017-11-20|access-date=2017-11-30))</ref> but this did not happen again.

On December 26, 2018, at a government meeting, another version of the draft law on social entrepreneurship was approved for submission to the [[State Duma]].<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.pnp.ru/politics/v-rossii-uzakonyat-socialnoe-predprinimatelstvo.html|title=В России узаконят социальное предпринимательство|author=Валерий Филоненко|publisher=[[:ru:Парламентская газета|Парламентская газета]]|date=2018-12-26|access-date=2018-12-29))</ref> Prime Minister [[Dmitry Medvedev]] named four criteria for classifying business as social:

#A social entrepreneur should work in the provision of socially useful services, including the environment, education, cultural and educational activities. The share of the company's income from such activities must be at least 50%.
#A social entrepreneur should hire citizens of “socially vulnerable categories”: disabled people, pensioners, people of pre-retirement age, parents with many children, graduates of orphanages and some others. There should be at least 50% of such employees.
#Ensuring access of manufactured goods to sales markets is also the responsibility of the social enterprise.
#A social enterprise must produce goods or services that help in life categories of citizens in need of support.<ref>((cite web|url=http://government.ru/news/35220/|title=Заседание Правительства |publisher=Правительство России|date=2018-12-26|access-date=2018-12-29))</ref>

On March 5, 2019, parliamentary hearings were held on the draft law on social entrepreneurship in Russia. On the same day, the bill was adopted by the State Duma in the first reading.<ref>((cite web|url=http://csrjournal.com/31209-zakonoproekt-o-socialnom-predprinimatelstve-prinyat-v-pervom-chtenii-v-gosudarstvennoj-dume-rf.html|title=Законопроект о социальном предпринимательстве принят в первом чтении в Государственной Думе РФ|publisher=csrjournal.com |date=2019-03-06|access-date=2019-03-30))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://vote.duma.gov.ru/vote/107118|title=Справка о результатах голосования по вопросу: (первое чтение) О проекте федерального закона № 620203-7 "О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "О развитии малого и среднего предпринимательства в Российской Федерации" (в части закрепления понятий "социальное предпринимательство", "социальное предприятие")"|publisher=[[State Duma]]|date=2019-03-05|access-date=2019-05-04))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.pnp.ru/video/2019/04/11/kakie-popravki-budut-vneseny-v-zakon-o-socialnom-predprinimatelstve.html|title=Какие поправки будут внесены в закон о социальном предпринимательстве?|publisher=[[:ru:Парламентская газета|Парламентская газета]]|date=2019-04-11|access-date=2019-05-04))</ref> The second reading took place on July 9, 2019,<ref>((cite web |url=https://ria.ru/20190709/1556350824.html|title=Госдума приняла во втором чтении проект о социальном предпринимательстве|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-08-05))</ref> and on July 11, the law was adopted in the final third reading.<ref>((cite web|url=http://duma.gov.ru/news/45660/|title=Закон о социальном предпринимательстве принят в третьем чтении|publisher=Государственная дума Федерального собрания Российской Федерации |date=2019-07-11|access-date=2019-08-05))</ref> On July 23, the bill was approved by the [[Federation Council (Russia)|Federation Council]],<ref>((cite web|url=http://council.gov.ru/events/news/106862/|title=Законодательно закреплены понятия "социальное предпринимательство" и "социальное предприятие"|publisher=[[Federation Council (Russia)]]|date=2019-07-23|access-date=2019-08-05))</ref> and on July 26, 2019, Law No. 245-FZ "On Amendments to the Federal Law" On the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses in the Russian Federation "in terms of consolidating the concepts of" social entrepreneurship "," social enterprise "" was signed by president Vladimir Putin and entered into force.<ref name="ФЗ"/>

The adopted amendments implement a very conservative approach to the concept of “social entrepreneurship”<ref name="Сапожков, Бутрин">((Cite journal |author1=Олег Сапожков |author2=Дмитрий Бутрин |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4026765 |title=Промпроизводство добра |journal=[[Kommersant]] |date=July 2019 |volume= |number=120|page=3 |bibcode =  |arxiv =  |pmid =  |language=  |quote= 11 ))</ref> and associate it with the employment of representatives of socially unprotected groups, as well as with some types of activities: educational, cultural, preservation of the languages of the peoples of Russia, with activities to strengthen families and support motherhood. However, a number of areas that are important and traditional for social entrepreneurship in Russian and world practice were not covered by the law, in particular, environmental activities, projects for the preservation and development of villages, and the revival of folk arts and crafts. The law also does not allow considering large business enterprises as social.<ref name="Захваткина"/> The fundamental omission of the adopted document is the unwritten connection between "social enterprise" and "social entrepreneurship":

((blockquote|The bill does not require a "social enterprise" to be engaged in "social entrepreneurship" in the literal sense, it cannot only be "activities for the production and (or) sale of excisable goods, as well as for the extraction and (or) sale of minerals, with the exception of common ". That is, such can be, among other things, a gravel pit, in the staff of which mainly orphans are formally employed - attempts to appropriate regional subsidies through them are likely. - ''Oleg Sapozhkov and Dmitry Butrin for [[Kommersant]]''<ref name="Сапожков, Бутрин"/>))

On the other hand, the law is focused not so much on subsidies as on the support of infrastructure - the SICs,<ref name="Сапожков, Бутрин"/> and the regional authorities still have the opportunity to supplement the list of social enterprises by type of activity.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.pnp.ru/social/socialnykh-predprinimateley-poschitayut-po-vesne.html|title=Социальных предпринимателей посчитают по весне|author=Алексей Никишин|publisher=[[:ru:Парламентская газета|Парламентская газета]]|date=2019-11-20|access-date=2019-12-07))</ref>

Even before the adoption of the federal law, the concept of "social entrepreneurship" was present in some regional legislation of the Russian Federation ([[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]],<ref>((cite web|url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/543544575|title=О внесении изменения в закон Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа - Югры "О развитии малого и среднего предпринимательства в Ханты-Мансийском автономном округе — Югре"|publisher=ТехЭксперт|date=2018-02-23|access-date=2018-06-04))</ref> [[Kostroma Region]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/450267472|title=О внесении изменений в закон Костромской области "О развитии малого и среднего предпринимательства в Костромской области"|publisher=ТехЭксперт|date=2017-07-11|access-date=2018-05-02))</ref>). After the adoption of the federal law, the corresponding changes began to be introduced into regional legislation more actively:<ref>((cite web|url=https://tass.ru/obschestvo/7107798|title=В Приморье приняли закон о поддержке социальных предпринимателей|publisher=[[TASS]]|date=2019-11-13|access-date=2019-12-07))</ref>((sfn|Михеенко|2020|p=28)) by November 2020, there were already 35 such regions (out of 85).<ref name="СовФед"/>

In 2021, the Russian authorities began to develop regional legislation in the field of social entrepreneurship. The pilot region for the implementation of the law on social business became [[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]].<ref>((cite web|url=https://rg.ru/2021/06/27/reg-urfo/iugra-gotova-stat-pilotom-po-vnedreniiu-zakona-o-socialnom-biznese.html|title=Югра готова стать пилотным регионом по внедрению закона о социальном бизнесе|author=Елена Панова|publisher=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|date=2021-06-27|accessdate=2021-07-05))</ref>

At the end of 2022, it is planned to adopt amendments to Article 24-1 of the Federal Law "On the Development of Small and Medium—sized Enterprises in the Russian Federation" in order to provide the status of a social enterprise to disabled individual entrepreneurs without employees, as well as to disabled individual entrepreneurs who have employed at least one employee from among socially unprotected categories of citizens.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.asi.org.ru/event/2022/10/12/obshhestvennye-slushaniya-podderzhka-predprinimatelskih-inicziativ-lyudej-s-invalidnostyu/|title=Общественные слушания «Поддержка предпринимательских инициатив людей с инвалидностью»|publisher=Агентство социальной информации|date=2022-10-18|accessdate=2022-10-31))</ref>

==== Register of social entrepreneurs ====
On January 10, 2020, the order of the [[Ministry of Economic Development (Russia)|Ministry of Economic Development]] No. 773 “On approval of the Procedure for recognizing a small or medium-sized enterprise (SME) as a social enterprise and the Procedure for forming a list of small and medium-sized businesses with the status of a social enterprise” came into force. The text of the order of the Ministry of Economic Development lists the documents required to obtain the status.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.nb-fund.ru/press-center/news/utverzhden-poryadok-prisvoeniya-statusa-sotsialnoe-predpriyatie/|title=Утвержден порядок присвоения статуса "социальное предприятие"|publisher=ФРСП «Наше будущее»|date=2020-01-13|access-date=2020-02-12))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://rg.ru/2020/01/01/mer-prikaz773-site-dok.html|title=Приказ Министерства экономического развития РФ от 29 ноября 2019 г. № 773 "Об утверждении Порядка признания субъекта малого или среднего предпринимательства социальным предприятием и Порядка формирования перечня субъектов малого и среднего предпринимательства, имеющих статус социального предприятия"|publisher=[[Российская газета]]|date=2020-01-01|access-date=2020-02-12))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/73264277/|title=Приказ Министерства экономического развития РФ от 29 ноября 2019 г. № 773|publisher=[[Garant]]|date=2020-01-10|access-date=2020-02-12))</ref>

According to the order, entrepreneurs wishing to receive the status of a "social enterprise" in the "first wave" had to submit an abbreviated package of documents to the regional authorized bodies by March 1, 2020. Those, in turn, had to make a decision on granting the status before April 1, 2020. As a result of the "first wave", 1197 small and medium-sized businesses received the status, of which 60% are individual entrepreneurs and 40% are legal entities. Notably, 9 out of 10 registered enterprises are micro-enterprises. Out of 85 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, 29 did not have a single social enterprise registered.<ref name="1wave">((cite web|url=http://www.nb-fund.ru/press-center/news/pochti-1200-subektov-msp-poluchili-status-sotsialnoe-predpriyatie/|title=Почти 1200 субъектов МСП получили статус "социальное предприятие"|publisher=[[Our Future (fund)|Our Future Foundation]]|date=2020-04-22|access-date=2020-05-04))</ref>

The "second wave" of documents acceptance ended on June 15, 2020, the status seekers had to submit a full package of documents. Based on the results of consideration of the submitted applications, a register of social entrepreneurs was compiled.<ref name="nbstatus">((cite web |author= |url=http://nb-forum.ru/news/pochti-3000-subektov-msp-voshli-v-reestr-sotsialnih-predpriyatii |title=Почти 3000 субъектов МСП вошли в реестр социальных предприятий |date=2020-09-02 |access-date=2020-10-30))</ref> According to the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation, following the results of both "waves" of registration, social enterprises were registered in 72 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the total number of registered social enterprises amounted to 2869, they created 15,303 jobs.<ref name="СовФед"/> At the same time, less than 20 social enterprises were registered in 22 regions of Russia, and not a single social enterprise was registered in 13 other regions.<ref name="СовФед"/> More than 100 social enterprises are registered in the Moscow region (291), the [[Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug]] (201), the [[Republic of Bashkortostan]] (193), the city of Moscow (190) and the [[Tula region]] (161). The Ministry of Economic Development planned that by the end of 2021, 3.5 thousand social entrepreneurs would be included in the register, but in October more than 6 thousand social enterprises were added to the register.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.nb-fund.ru/press-center/news/v-rossii-stremitelno-rastet-chislo-sotsialnykh-predprinimateley/|title=В России стремительно растет число социальных предпринимателей: Фонд "Наше будущее" подвел итоги|publisher=ФРСП «Наше будущее»|date=2022-02-08|accessdate=2022-02-12))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/news/tatyana_ilyushnikova_kolichestvo_socpredprinimateley_uzhe_v_15_raza_prevysilo_pokazatel_nacproekta_msp.html|title=Татьяна Илюшникова: количество соцпредпринимателей уже в 1,5 раза превысило показатель нацпроекта МСП|publisher=[[Парламентская газета]]|date=2021-09-10|accessdate=2022-02-12))</ref> 

As of August 2022, the number of registered social enterprises was 6,921. Leadership in the number of social entrepreneurs is held by [[Moscow Region]] (722), [[Republic of Bashkortostan]] (362), [[Nizhny Novgorod Region]] (324), [[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]] and [[Primorsky Krai]].<ref name="3goda">((cite web|url=https://nb-fund.ru/press-center/news/akonu-o-sotsialnom-predprinimatelstve-ispolnyaetsya-tri-goda/|title=Закону о социальном предпринимательстве исполняется три года|publisher=ФРСП «Наше будущее»|date=2022-07-26|accessdate=2022-08-01))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://nb-fund.ru/press-center/news/za-leto-kolichestvo-sotsialnykh-predprinimateley-vyroslo-na-10-/|title=За лето количество социальных предпринимателей выросло на 10 %|publisher=ФРСП «Наше будущее»|date=2022-08-22|accessdate=2022-08-30))</ref>

In 2022, the State Duma adopted in the first reading a bill allowing individual entrepreneurs with disabilities and without employees to obtain the status of a social enterprise.<ref name="3goda"/>

Most of the social entrepreneurs included in the register provide childcare services, operate in the field of additional education, sports, health care, physical culture and recreation activities. A number of entrepreneurs are active in the fields of culture, arts and handicrafts. Some social entrepreneurs are involved in caring for the elderly, publishing and printing, sewing and repairing clothes (in particular, for the disabled), solving problems of environmental protection, producing technical means of rehabilitation, and working in the field of information technology.<ref name="nbstatus"/>

Russian registered social entrepreneurs must confirm their status annually: from 2021, documents are accepted once a year, until May 1.<ref>((cite web|url=https://bosfera.ru/bo/nevidimki-dlya-bankovskogo-sektora|title="Невидимки" для банковского сектора|publisher=Банковское обозрение|date=2021-02-18|access-date=2021-03-10))</ref>

It is expected that the adoption of amendments to include people with disabilities in the register of social entrepreneurs will expand the register by at least 10%. Experts see another potential source of expanding the register in the transition of the [[Self-employment|self-employed]] with disabilities to the status of entrepreneurs.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.nb-fund.ru/press-center/news/v-op-rf-podderzhivayut-predprinimatelskie-initsiativy-lyudey-s-invalidnostyu/|title=В ОП РФ поддерживают предпринимательские инициативы людей с инвалидностью|publisher=ФРСП «Наше будущее»|date=2022-10-19|accessdate=2022-11-01))</ref>

By the end of 2022, the number of registered social entrepreneurs in Russia approached 8,000<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/press_releases/2023/01/25/chislo-sotsialnih-predprinimatelei-v-rossii-viroslo-na-27--za-2022-god|title=Число социальных предпринимателей в России выросло на 27 % за 2022 год|publisher=[[Ведомости]]|date=2023-01-25|accessdate=2023-01-31))</ref> (according to other sources, 7,000<ref name="Дорожный">((cite web|url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/gorod/ourcity/articles/kak-v-moskve-sovmeschayut-biznes-i-blagotvoritelnost|title=Как в Москве совмещают бизнес и благотворительность|author=Владимир Дорожный|publisher=[[Vedomosti]]|date=2023-01-25|accessdate=2023-01-30))</ref>). According to experts of the [[Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation|Chamber of Commerce and Industry]], up to 50,000 enterprises can potentially apply for this status in Russia.<ref name="Дорожный"/>

== Perspectives ==
According to experts, the prospects for the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia are uncertain. The likelihood of growth in business activity and social consciousness of Russians is low. Accordingly, significant investments from Russian business in social projects are not expected. Russians as a whole do not understand and are not close to the merger of entrepreneurial and social activities; they are much more accustomed to traditional business with the subsequent allocation of part of the profits to [[Charity (practice)|charity]] ([[patronage]]) or [[social responsibility]].<ref name="ТАСС-исследование"/>

The Russian state, noticing the global trend in social business, saw it as an opportunity to shift the burden of social support to the population onto the shoulders of “private traders”. Thus, social entrepreneurship in Russia is actually equated with social work in general, "is seen as something like a business [[social security]]." This interpretation of the concept deliberately limits the range of consumers of products and services of social business to the usual clientele of social protection centers: these are the disabled, pensioners, large and single parents, orphans and graduates of orphanages.<ref name="ТАСС-исследование"/>

Hence, in turn, a list of the most promising areas of social business activity is formed: social, household, medical, health services, services of nurses and patronage nurses, hospices, services of kindergartens and nurseries, educational services.<ref name="ТАСС-исследование"/>

Within this logic, there is no room for the main task of social entrepreneurship: the production of "social change" through the production of goods and services in the social sphere.<ref name="ТАСС-исследование"/>

Experts conclude that the prospects for social entrepreneurship in Russia will depend on the answers to two questions:<ref name="ТАСС-исследование"/>

#will the state continue to withdraw itself from the social sphere, including healthcare and social security, transferring part of its functions to private business and socially oriented NGOs;
#whether big business will begin to distinguish social entrepreneurship from philanthropy and social responsibility, and whether it will enter the social business sphere as a full-fledged player with investments and franchises.<ref name="ТАСС-исследование"/>

The answers to these questions will appear only after the end of the global economic crisis associated with the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Russia|COVID-19 pandemic]] and radically distorting and "obscuring" the economic picture.<ref name="ТАСС-исследование"/>

==References==
((Reflist))

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((refend))

== External links ==
* ((cite web|url=https://www.asi.org.ru/news/2018/09/18/sotsiologi-sotsialnyj-predprinimatel/|title=Социологи исследовали мотивацию современного социального предпринимателя|author=Георгий Иванушкин|publisher=[[:ru:Агентство социальной информации|Social Information Agency]]|date=2018-09-18|access-date=2018-09-20))
* ((cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/social-enterprise-network/2013/oct/21/social-enterprise-in-russia|title=My three lessons from an encounter with Russian social enterprise|author=Craig Dearden-Phillips|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2013-10-21|access-date=2017-08-21))
* ((cite web|title=The State of Social Entrepreneurship in Russia. SEFORÏS Country Report |url=http://static1.squarespace.com/static/56d2eebbb654f9329ddbd20e/t/5773e6cb725e252df32be8d8/1467213516967/Country_Report_Russia.pdf |author=Julia Khaleeva|publisher=CEFIR|date=2014|access-date=2016-10-31 |ref=Khaleeva))
* ((cite web|url=http://www.rmcenter.ru/about/news/2907/|title=Социальное предпринимательство в России. Начало пути|author=Глушков В. (Oxfam)|publisher=Российский микрофинансовый центр|date=2009-03-02|access-date=2016-10-31 |ref=Глушков))
* Гайдаровский форум 2015: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmW2mwIRcVc Панельная дискуссия. Социально ответственное инвестирование: миф или реальность?].
* [https://www.hse.ru/data/2010/10/19/1238716668/D&blagotv-68.pdf Деньги и благотворительность], 2008, No.3 (68)— специальный выпуск «Социальное предпринимательство: будущее нового бизнеса в России».
* ((cite web|url=http://www.ng.ru/ng_politics/2016-10-04/9_busines.html|title=Бизнес как предчувствие. Готово ли российское общество к социальному краудфандингу?|author=Антон Малашенко|publisher=[[Независимая газета]]|date=2016-10-04|access-date=2016-11-30|ref=Малашенко))
* ((Cite journal |author = Дмитрий Михеенко |url= https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4252433 |title= От добра прибыли не ищут |journal= Коммерсантъ |date=2020-02-14|number= 27|pages = 28–30 |ref= Михеенко |quote= 14 ))
* ((cite web|url=http://www.forbes.ru/biznes/348521-pomoch-ili-ne-meshat-chto-gosudarstvo-mozhet-sdelat-dlya-socialnogo-biznesa|title=Помочь или не мешать. Что государство может сделать для социального бизнеса|author=Алексей Сиднев|work=[[Forbes]]|date=2017-07-28|access-date=2018-02-27))
* ((cite web|url=http://www.forbes.ru/svoi-biznes/idei/60037-alternativa-blagotvoritelnosti|title=Альтернатива благотворительности. Кто и зачем в России занимается социальным предпринимательством|author=Елена Тимохина|work=[[Forbes]]|date=2010-11-22|access-date=2018-02-27|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150526014511/http://www.forbes.ru/svoi-biznes/idei/60037-alternativa-blagotvoritelnosti|archive-date=2015-05-26))
* ((cite web|url=https://www.forbes.ru/forbes-woman/376597-dobroe-delo-pochemu-v-socialnom-biznese-bolshe-zhenshchin|title=Доброе дело. Почему в социальном бизнесе больше женщин|author=Ольга Филатова|publisher=[[Ведомости]]|date=2019-05-24|access-date=2019-06-06))
* ((Cite journal |author = Мария Черток, Инга Пагава |url= http://nb-forum.ru/interview/experts/bill-dreyton-ya-sem-etot-stol-esli-v-rossii-net-sotsialnyh-predprinimateley |title= Билл Дрейтон: "Я съем этот стол, если в России нет социальных предпринимателей" |journal= Деньги и благотворительность  |year= 2007 |volume= 2 |number= 63|ref= Черток, Пагава ))
* ((cite web|url=https://rg.ru/2015/12/17/yaremchuk-site.html|title=Экосистема социального предпринимательства|author=Антон Яремчук|publisher=[[Российская газета]]|date=2015-12-17|access-date=2016-10-31|ref=Яремчук2015))
* ((cite web|url=http://poll2019.trust.org|title=The best countries to be a social entrepreneur 2019|publisher=Thomson Reuters Foundation|access-date=2019-12-06|ref=TRF-2019))
* ((cite web|url=http://poll2016.trust.org|title=The best countries to be a social entrepreneur 2016|publisher=Thomson Reuters Foundation|access-date=2019-12-06|ref=TRF-2016))

== See also ==
* [[Our Future (fund)]]

((Russia topics))
((Economy of Russia))

[[Category:Social enterprises| ]]
[[Category:Social entrepreneurship]]
[[Category:Economy of Russia|Social]]
[[Category:Society of Russia]]
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