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((About-distinguish|social practice as a minor psychological theory|Practice theory))
((For|the art medium of social practice|Social practice (art)))
((Refimprove|date=April 2013))
'''Social practice''' is a theory within [[psychology]] that seeks to determine the link between practice and context within social situations. Emphasized as a commitment to change, social practice occurs in two forms: activity and inquiry. Most often applied within the context of human development, social practice involves [[knowledge production]] and the theorization and analysis of both institutional and intervention practices.<ref>Smolka, A. L. B. (2001). Social practice and social change: activity theory in perspective. Human Development, 44(6), 362–367.</ref>

==Background in psychology==
Through research, [[Sylvia Scribner]] sought to understand and create a decent life for all people regardless of geographical position, race, gender, and social class.<ref>Hedegaard, M. (1998). A cultural-historical approach to mind. Human Development, 41(3), 205–209.</ref> Using anthropological field research and psychological experimentation, Scribner tried to dig deeper into human mental functioning and its creation through social practice in different societal and cultural settings. She therefore aimed to enact [[social reform]] and [[community development]] through an ethical orientation that accounts for the interaction of historical and societal conditions of different institutional settings with human social and mental functioning and development.

==As activity==
Social practice involves engagement with communities of interest by creating a practitioner-community relationship wherein there remains a focus on the skills, knowledge, and understanding of people in their private, family, community, and working lives.<ref>"What is social practice?" (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2013, from http://spiritstorelimerick.weebly.com/what-is-social-practice.html.</ref> In this approach to social practice, activity is used for social change without the agenda of research. Activity theory suggests the use of a system of participants that work toward an object or goal that brings about some form of change or transformation in the community.<ref>Hung, D., Tan, S. C., & Koh, T. S. (2006). From traditional to constructivist epistemologies: a proposed theoretical framework based on activity theory for learning communities. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 17(1), 37–55.</ref>

==As inquiry==
Within research, social practice aims to integrate the individual with his or her surrounding environment while assessing how context and culture relate to common actions and practices of the individual. Just as social practice is an activity itself, inquiry focuses on how social activity occurs and identifies its main causes and outcomes. It has been argued that research be developed as a specific theory of social practice through which research purposes are defined not by philosophical paradigms but by researchers' commitments to specific forms of social action.<ref>Herndl, C. G., & Nahrwold, C. A. (2000). Research as social practice: a case study of research on technical and professional communication. Written Communication, 17(2), 158–296.</ref>

==Areas of interest==
===Education===
In education, social practice refers to the use of adult-child interaction for observation in order to propose intentions and gauge the reactions of others.<ref>Rowe, D. W. (2010). Directions for studying early literacy as social practice. Language Arts, 88(2), 134–143.</ref> Under social practice, [[literacy]] is seen as a key dimension of community regeneration and a part of the wider lifelong learning agenda.  In particular, literacy is considered to be an area of instruction for the introduction of social practice through social language and social identity. According to social practice in education, literacy and [[numeracy]] are complex  capabilities rather than a simple set of basic skills. Furthermore, adult learners are more likely to develop and retain knowledge, skills, and understanding if they see them as relevant to their own problems and challenges. Social practice perspectives focus on local literacies and how literacy practices are affected by settings and groups interacting around print.

===Literature===
As literature is repeatedly studied in education and critiqued in discourse, many believe that it should be a field of social practice as it evokes emotion and discussion of social interactions and social conditions. Those that believe literature may be construed as a form of social practice believe that literature and society are essentially related to each other. As such, they attempt to define specific sociological practices of literature and share expressions of literature as works comprising text, institution, and individual. Overall, literature becomes a realm of social exchange through fiction, poetry, politics, and history.<ref>Desan, P., Ferguson, P. P., & Griswold, W. (Eds.). (1989). Literature and social practice, 1st Ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</ref>

===Art===
((main|Social practice (art)))
((Distinguish|social artistry))
Social practice is also considered a medium for making art. [[Social practice (art)|Social practice art]] came about in response to increasing pressure within art education to work collaboratively through social and participatory formats<ref>Sholette, G. (n.d.). "After OWS: social practice art, abstraction, and the limits of the social". Retrieved April 25, 2013, from http://www.e-flux.com/journal/after-ows-social-practice-art-abstraction-and-the-limits-of-the-social/.</ref> from artists' desires and art viewers' increasing media sophistication.<ref>Finkel, Jori (March 2014). "You're sure of a big surprise: A new breed of curators at US museums has the job of playing with visitors' expectations". Retrieved October 1, 2014, from http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/You%E2%80%99re%20sure%20of%20a%20big%20surprise/31998</ref> "Social practice art" is a term for artwork that uses social engagement as a primary medium, and is also referred to by a range of different names: socially engaged art,<ref>((cite web|url=http://pablohelguera.net/2011/11/education-for-socially-engaged-art-2011/|title=Pablo Helguera » Blog Archive » Education for Socially Engaged Art (2011)|website=pablohelguera.net))</ref> [[Community arts|community art]], new-genre public art,<ref>((Cite book|title=Mapping the Terrain: New Genre Public Art|editor-first=Suzanne|editor-last=Lacy|date=1 November 1994|publisher=Bay Pr|isbn=978-0941920308|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/mappingterrain00suza))</ref> [[participatory art]], [[Art intervention|interventionist art]], and [[Collaboration|collaborative art]].<ref>Bishop, Claire. "The Social Turn: Collaboration and Its Discontents" Artforum, February 2006, 178–83.</ref>

Artists working in the medium of social practice develop projects by inviting collaboration with individuals, communities, institutions, or a combination of these, creating participatory art that exists both within and outside of the traditional gallery and museum system.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.artjob.org/content/collaboration-where-art-social-practice-begins |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110053839/https://www.artjob.org/content/collaboration-where-art-social-practice-begins |archive-date=2012-11-10 |title=Collaboration is Where the Art of Social Practice Begins ((!)) ArtJob))</ref> Artists working in social practice art co-create their work with a specific audience or propose critical interventions within existing social systems that inspire debate or catalyze social exchange.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.cca.edu/academics/graduate/fine-arts/socialpractices|title=Social Practice Workshop|publisher=California College of the Arts|accessdate= Sep 18, 2014))</ref> Social practice art work focuses on the interaction between the audience, social systems, and the artist through topics such as aesthetics, ethics, collaboration, persona, media strategies, and social activism.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.reviewsinculture.com/?r=97|title=Reviews In Cultural Theory|website=www.reviewsinculture.com))</ref> The social interaction component inspires, drives, or, in some instances, completes the project.<ref>((cite web|url=http://badatsports.com/2011/social-practice-arts-identity-crisis/|title=Social Practice Art's identity crisis – Bad at Sports|website=badatsports.com))</ref> Although projects may incorporate traditional studio media, they are realized in a variety of visual or social forms (depending on variable contexts and participant demographics) such as [[Performance art|performance]], [[Protest art|social activism]], or mobilizing communities towards a common goal.<ref>((cite web|url=http://isreview.org/issue/90/critique-social-practice-art|title=A critique of social practice art – International Socialist Review|website=isreview.org))</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:The arts]]
[[Category:Human development]]
[[Category:Social psychology concepts]]

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