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[[File:Quori socially interactive robot platform IMG 20200219 165323219 02.jpg | thumb | upright | Quori, a socially interactive robot platform for studying [[human-robot interaction]], Immersive Kinematics Lab]]

A '''social robot''' is an [[autonomous robot]] that interacts and [[Human–robot interaction|communicates with humans]] or other autonomous physical [[Intelligent agent|agent]]s by following social behaviors and rules attached to its role. Like other robots, a social [[robot]] is physically embodied (avatars or on-screen synthetic social characters are not embodied and thus distinct). Some synthetic social agents are designed with a screen to represent the head or 'face' to dynamically communicate with users. In these cases, the status as a social robot depends on the form of the 'body' of the social agent; if the body has and uses some physical motors and sensor abilities, then the system could be considered a robot. 

==Background==
((Unreferenced section|date=June 2022))
While robots have often been described as possessing social qualities (see for example the tortoises developed by [[William Grey Walter]] in the 1950s), social robotics is a fairly recent branch of robotics. Since the early 1990s [[artificial intelligence]] and [[robotics]] researchers have developed robots which explicitly engage on a social level.

The evolution of social robots began with autonomous robots designed to have little to no interaction with humans. Essentially, they were designed to take on what humans could not. Technologically advanced robots were sent out to handle hazardous conditions and the assignments that could potentially put humans in danger, like exploring the deep oceans or the surface of Mars.<ref>Weir, K. (2018, January 1). The dawn of social robots. ''Monitor on Psychology'', ''49''(1). https://www.apa.org/monitor/2018/01/cover-social-robots</ref> Advancing these original intentions, robots are continually being developed to be inserted into human-related settings to establish their social aspect and access their influence on human interactions. Over time, social robots have been advanced to begin to have their own role in society.

Designing an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] social robot is particularly challenging, as the robot needs to correctly interpret people's action and respond appropriately, which is currently not yet possible. Moreover, people interacting with a social robot may hold very high expectancies of its capabilities, based on [[Robots in science fiction|science fiction]] representations of advanced social robots. As such, many social robots are partially or fully [[remote controlled]] to simulate advanced capabilities. This method of (often covertly) controlling a social robot is referred to as a [[Mechanical Turk]] or [[Wizard of Oz (character)|Wizard of Oz]], after the character in the [[L. Frank Baum]] book. Wizard of Oz studies are useful in social robotics research to evaluate how people respond to social robots.

==Definition==
A [[robot]] is defined in the International Standard of Organization as a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for performance of a variety of tasks. As a subset of robots, social robots perform any or all of these processes in the context of a social interaction. It interacts socially with humans or evokes social responses from them.<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Leite|first1=Iolanda|last2=Martinho|first2=Carlos|last3=Paiva|first3=Ana|date=April 2013|title=Social Robots for Long-Term Interaction: A Survey|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12369-013-0178-y|journal=International Journal of Social Robotics|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=291–308|doi=10.1007/s12369-013-0178-y|s2cid=3721600|issn=1875-4791))</ref> The nature of the social interactions is immaterial and may range from relatively simple supportive tasks, such as passing tools to a worker, to complex expressive communication and collaboration, such as assistive healthcare. Hence, social robots are asked to work together with humans in collaborative workspaces. Moreover, social robots start following humans into much more personal settings like home, health care, and education.<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Chaolan|last2=Šabanović|first2=Selma|last3=Dombrowski| first3=Lynn|last4=Miller|first4=Andrew D.|last5=Brady|first5=Erin|last6=MacDorman|
first6=Karl F.|date=2021|title=Parental Acceptance of Children's Storytelling Robots: A Projection of the Uncanny Valley of AI|journal=Frontiers in Robotics and AI|
language=en|volume=8|issue=579993|page=579993|doi=10.3389/frobt.2021.579993|pmid=34095237|pmc=8172185|issn=2296-9144|doi-access=free))</ref>

Social interactions are likely to be cooperative, but the definition is not limited to this situation. Moreover, uncooperative behavior can be considered social in certain situations. The robot could, for example, exhibit competitive behavior within the framework of a game. The robot could also interact with a minimum or no communication. It could, for example, hand tools to an astronaut working on a space station. However, it is likely that some communication will be necessary at some point.

Two suggested <ref>David Feil-Seifer, Kristine Skinner and Maja J. Matarić, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190722120021/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/293f/c9674b2404a1ae9b0f16778610c7849ea2b8.pdf "Benchmarks for evaluating socially assistive robotics"], Interaction Studies: Psychological Benchmarks of Human-Robot Inteaction [sic], 8(3), 423-429 Oct, 2007</ref> ultimate requirements for social robots are the [[Turing Test]] to determine the robot's communication skills and [[Isaac Asimov]]'s [[Three Laws of Robotics]] for its behavior. The usefulness to apply these requirements in a real-world application, especially in the case of Asimov's laws, is still disputed<ref>[https://towardsdatascience.com/asimovs-laws-of-robotics-and-why-ai-may-not-abide-by-them-e6da09f8c754 Towards Data Science: Asimov’s Laws of Robotics, and why AI may not abide by them]</ref> and may not be possible at all).  However, a consequence of this viewpoint is that a robot that only interacts and communicates with other robots would not be considered to be a social robot: Being social is bound to humans and their society which defines necessary social values, norms and standards.<ref>Taipale, S., Vincent, J., Sapio, B., Lugano, G. and Fortunati, L. (2015) Introduction: Situating the Human in Social Robots. In J. Vincent et al., eds. Social Robots from a Human Perspective, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 1-17</ref> This results in a cultural dependency of social robots since social values, norms and standards differ between cultures.

This brings us directly to the last part of the definition. A social robot must interact within the social rules attached to its role. The role and its rules are defined through society. For example, a robotic butler for humans would have to comply with established rules of good service. It should be anticipating, reliable and most of all discreet. A social robot must be aware of this and comply with it. However, social robots that interact with other autonomous robots would also behave and interact according to non-human conventions. In most social robots the complexity of human-to-human interaction will be gradually approached with the advancement of the technology of [[Android (robot)|androids]] (a form of [[humanoid robot]]s) and implementation of a variety of more human-like communication skills <ref>((cite web|title=Implications of interpersonal communication competence research on the design of artificial behavioral systems that interact with humans|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260593420|accessdate=3 March 2017))</ref>

== Social interaction ==
Researches have investigated user engagement with a robot companion. Literature present different models regarding this concern. An example is a framework that models both causes and effects of engagement: features related to the user's non-verbal behaviour, the task and the companion's affective reactions to predict children's level of engagement.<ref>((Cite book|last1=Castellano|first1=Ginevra|last2=Pereira|first2=André|last3=Leite|first3=Iolanda|last4=Paiva|first4=Ana|last5=McOwan|first5=Peter W.|title=Proceedings of the 2009 international conference on Multimodal interfaces |chapter=Detecting user engagement with a robot companion using task and social interaction-based features |date=2009|chapter-url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1647314.1647336|language=en|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA|publisher=ACM Press|pages=119–126|doi=10.1145/1647314.1647336|isbn=9781605587721|s2cid=3358106))</ref>

Many people are uneasy about interacting socially with a robot and, in general, people tend to prefer smaller robots to large humanoid robots. They also prefer robots to do tasks like cleaning the house rather than providing companionship.<ref>((cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Celine |last2=Mondada |first2=Francesco |last3=Siegwart |first3=Roland |title=2008 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems |chapter=What do people expect from robots? |date=September 2008 |pages=3816–3821 |doi=10.1109/IROS.2008.4650714 |isbn=978-1-4244-2057-5 |s2cid=9253964 ))</ref> In verbal social interactions people tend to share less information with robots than with humans. Despite initial reluctance to interact with social robots, exposure to a social robot may decrease uncertainty and increase willingness to interact with the robot,<ref>((cite journal |last1=Haggadone |first1=Brad A. |last2=Banks |first2=Jaime |last3=Koban |first3=Kevin |title=Of robots and robotkind: Extending intergroup contact theory to social machines |journal=Communication Research Reports |date=2021-04-07 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=161–171 |doi=10.1080/08824096.2021.1909551 | issn=0882-4096|s2cid=233566369 ))</ref> and research shows that over time people speak for a longer time and share more information in their disclosures to a social robot.<ref>((Cite book |last1=Laban |first1=Guy |last2=Morrison |first2=Val |last3=Kappas |first3=Arvid |last4=Cross |first4=Emily S. |title=CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts |chapter=Informal Caregivers Disclose Increasingly More to a Social Robot over Time |date=2022-04-28 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519666 |series=CHI EA '22 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1145/3491101.3519666 |isbn=978-1-4503-9156-6|s2cid=248419331 ))</ref><ref>((Cite journal |last1=Laban |first1=Guy |last2=Kappas |first2=Arvid |last3=Morrison |first3=Val |last4=Cross |first4=Emily S. |date=2023-11-30 |title=Building Long-Term Human–Robot Relationships: Examining Disclosure, Perception and Well-Being Across Time |journal=International Journal of Social Robotics |language=en |doi=10.1007/s12369-023-01076-z |s2cid=265613586 |issn=1875-4805|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/665165 |hdl-access=free ))</ref> If people have an interaction with a social robot that is seen as playful (as opposed to focused on completing a task or being social) they may be more likely to engage with the robot in the future.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Banks |first1=Jaime |last2=Koban |first2=Kevin |last3=Chauveau |first3=Philippe |title=Forms and Frames: Mind, Morality, and Trust in Robots across Prototypical Interactions |journal=Human-Machine Communication |date=2021-04-15 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=81–103 |doi=10.30658/hmc.2.4 |doi-access=free ))</ref>

==Societal impacts==
The increasingly widespread use of more advanced social robots is one of several phenomena expected to contribute to the technological [[posthumanization]] of human societies, through which process “a society comes to include members other than ‘natural’ biological human beings who, in one way or another, contribute to the structures, dynamics, or meaning of the society.”<ref name="Gladden 2018 def">((cite book|title=Sapient Circuits and Digitalized Flesh: The Organization as Locus of Technological Posthumanization|edition=second|last1=Gladden|first1=Matthew|date=2018|publisher=Defragmenter Media|isbn=978-1-944373-21-4|location=Indianapolis, IN|page=19))</ref>

== Uses in healthcare ==
Social robots have been used increasingly in healthcare settings and recent research has been exploring the applicability of social robots as mental health interventions for children.<ref name=":22">((Cite journal|last1=Kabacińska|first1=Katarzyna|last2=Prescott|first2=Tony J.|last3=Robillard|first3=Julie M.|date=2020-07-27|title=Socially Assistive Robots as Mental Health Interventions for Children: A Scoping Review|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00679-0|journal=International Journal of Social Robotics|volume=13|issue=5|pages=919–935|doi=10.1007/s12369-020-00679-0|s2cid=225508287|issn=1875-4791))</ref> A scoping review analyzed the impacts that robots such as [[Nao (robot)|Nao]], [[Paro (robot)|Paro]], Huggable, Tega and [[Pleo]] have on children in various intervention settings.<ref name=":22" /> Results from this work highlighted that depression and anger may be reduced in children working with social robots, however anxiety and pain yielded mixed results.<ref name=":22" /> Distress was found to be reduced in children who interacted with robots.<ref name=":22" /> Finally, this scoping review found that affect was positively impacted by interaction with robots—such that children smiled for longer and demonstrated growth-mindsets when playing games.<ref name=":22" /> It is worth noting that robots have increased benefits in that they can be used instead of [[animal-assisted therapy]] for children who are allergic or immunocompromised.<ref name=":22" /> Sanitation is a necessary issue to consider, however with washable covers or sanitizable surfaces, this becomes less of a problem in medical settings.<ref name=":22" /> Another review analyzed data from previous studies and found further support that social robots may reduce negative symptoms children experience in healthcare settings.<ref name=":5">((Cite journal|last1=Moerman|first1=Clara J|last2=van der Heide|first2=Loek|last3=Heerink|first3=Marcel|date=December 2019|title=Social robots to support children's well-being under medical treatment: A systematic state-of-the-art review|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1367493518803031|journal=Journal of Child Health Care|language=en|volume=23|issue=4|pages=596–612|doi=10.1177/1367493518803031|pmid=30394806|s2cid=53219310|issn=1367-4935))</ref> Social robots can be used as tools for distracting children from procedures, like getting a shot, and have demonstrated the ability to reduce stress and pain experience.<ref name=":5" /> Children who interacted with both a psychotherapist and robot assistant for therapy experienced reduced anger, anxiety, and depression when coping with cancer compared to a control group.<ref name=":5" /> There is some evidence that supports that free-play with a robot while hospitalized can help children experience more positive moods.<ref name=":5" /> More work needs to be done to analyze the impact of social robots on children in psychiatric wards, as evidence revealed that some children may dislike the robot and feel it is dangerous.<ref name=":5" /> Overall, further research should be conducted to fully understand the impact of social robots on reducing negative mental health symptoms in children, but there appears to be advantages of utilizing social robots in healthcare settings.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":5" />

Social robots have been shown to have beneficial outcomes for children with [[Autism-spectrum disorder]] (ASD).<ref name=":32">((Cite journal|last1=Sartorato|first1=Felippe|last2=Przybylowski|first2=Leon|last3=Sarko|first3=Diana K.|date=July 2017|title=Improving therapeutic outcomes in autism-spectrum disorders: Enhancing social communication and sensory processing through the use of interactive robots|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022395616306562|journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |language=en|volume=90|pages=1–11|doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.02.004|pmid=28213292))</ref> As many individuals with autism-spectrum disorder tend to prefer predictable interactions, robots may be a viable option for social interactions.<ref name=":32" /> Previous research on the interactions between children with ASD and robots has demonstrated positive benefits, for instance shared attention, increased eye contact, and interpersonal synchrony.<ref name=":32" /> Various types of robots have the potential to reap these benefits for children with ASD—from humanoid robots like KASPAR, to cartoonish robots such as Tito, to animal-like robots like Probo, to machine-like robots such as [[Nao (robot)|Nao]].<ref name=":32" /> One problem that may hinder the advantages of social robots as social interaction tools for children with ASD is the [[Uncanny valley|Uncanny Valley]], as the eerily human-likeness of the robots may be overstimulating and anxiety-inducing.<ref name=":32" /> It appears that social robots provide an opportunity to increase social skills in children with ASD, and future research should investigate this topic further.

Individuals with cognitive impairments, such as [[dementia]] and [[Alzheimer's disease]], may also benefit from social robots.<ref name=":4">((Cite journal|last1=Moro|first1=Christina|last2=Lin|first2=Shayne|last3=Nejat|first3=Goldie|last4=Mihailidis|first4=Alex|date=2019-01-01|title=Social Robots and Seniors: A Comparative Study on the Influence of Dynamic Social Features on Human–Robot Interaction|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-018-0488-1|journal=International Journal of Social Robotics|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=5–24|doi=10.1007/s12369-018-0488-1|s2cid=68237859|issn=1875-4805))</ref><ref name=":03">((Cite journal|last1=Moyle|first1=Wendy|last2=Bramble|first2=Marguerite|last3=Jones|first3=Cindy J|last4=Murfield|first4=Jenny E|date=2017-11-19|title="She Had a Smile on Her Face as Wide as the Great Australian Bite": A Qualitative Examination of Family Perceptions of a Therapeutic Robot and a Plush Toy|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx180|journal=The Gerontologist|volume=59|issue=1|pages=177–185|doi=10.1093/geront/gnx180|pmid=29165558|issn=0016-9013|hdl=10072/375764|hdl-access=free))</ref> In their study, Moro et al. (2018) utilized 3 social robots types—a human-like robot, Casper; a character-like Robot, The Ed robot; and a tablet—to help six individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment make a cup of tea.<ref name=":4" /> Results demonstrated that, to an extent, the humanoid robot was most engaging to individuals with cognitive impairments, likely due to the expressiveness of its face compared to the minimal expression of Ed and the tablet.<ref name=":4" /> Participants also anthropomorphized the human-like and character-like robot more so than the tablet by addressing them and asking questions, further indicating a preference for the social robots.<ref name=":4" /> Additionally, participants perceived the human-like robot to be useful in both social situations and in completing activities of daily living, whereas the character-like robot and tablet were seen as only useful for activities of daily living.<ref name=":4" /> Another study by Moyle et al. (2019) investigated the impact that providing an individual with dementia a robot toy, [[Paro (robot)|Paro]], versus a plush-toy would have on caregiver and family members' perception of the individuals' well-being.<ref name=":03" /> This study highlighted the ways in which some long-term care facilities may have minimal stimulation for dementia patients, which can lead to boredom and increased agitation.<ref name=":03" /> After completing the trial, caregivers and family members were asked to assess the individual with dementias' well-being and, overall, the group that interacted with [[Paro (robot)|Paro]] was perceived to be happier, more engaged, and less agitated.<ref name=":03" /> One of the main issues with utilizing [[Paro (robot)|Paro]], despite its perceived benefits, is the cost—future research must investigate more cost effective options for older adult care.<ref name=":03" /> Another issue of conducting research between individuals with cognitive impairments and social robots is their ability to consent.<ref name=":13">((Cite journal|last=Körtner|first=T.|date=June 2016|title=Ethical challenges in the use of social service robots for elderly people|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00391-016-1066-5|journal=Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie|language=en|volume=49|issue=4|pages=303–307|doi=10.1007/s00391-016-1066-5|pmid=27220734|s2cid=20690764|issn=0948-6704))</ref> In some cases, informed consent by proxy can be utilized, however the benefits and risks should be weighed before conducting any research.<ref name=":13" />   Long-term research could show that residents of care home are willing to interact with humanoid robots and benefit from cognitive and physical activation that is led by the robot Pepper.<ref>((cite book |last1=Carros |first1=Felix |last2=Meurer |first2=Johanna |last3=Löffler |first3=Diana |last4=Unbehaun |first4=David |last5=Matthies |first5=Sarah |last6=Koch |first6=Inga |last7=Wieching |first7=Rainer |last8=Randall |first8=Dave |last9=Hassenzahl |first9=Marc |last10=Wulf |first10=Volker |title=Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=Exploring Human-Robot Interaction with the Elderly: Results from a Ten-Week Case Study in a Care Home |date=21 April 2020 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1145/3313831.3376402|isbn=9781450367080 |s2cid=218483496 ))</ref> Pepper was also used in assessing the feelings of safety and security the robot provided for older individuals. For these individuals, security is associated with trust and confidence developed by interpersonal relationships. Using videos and questionnaires, both safety and security ended up on the positive side for the participants and how they felt.<ref name=":04" /> Another long-term study in a care home could show that people working in the care sector are willing to use robots in their daily work with the residents.<ref name=":19">((cite book |last1=Carros |first1=Felix |last2=Schwaninger |first2=Isabel |last3=Preussner |first3=Adrian |last4=Randall |first4=Dave |last5=Wieching |first5=Rainer |last6=Fitzpatrick |first6=Geraldine |last7=Wulf |first7=Volker |title=CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=Care Workers Making Use of Robots: Results of a Three-Month Study on Human-Robot Interaction within a Care Home |date=May 2022 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1145/3491102.3517435 |isbn=9781450391573 |s2cid=248419908 |doi-access=free ))</ref> But it also revealed that even though that the robots are ready to be used, they do need human assistants, they cannot replace the human work force but they can assist them and give them new possibilities.<ref name=":19" />

Social robots have been used as mental well-being coaches,<ref>((Cite book |last1=Axelsson |first1=Minja |last2=Spitale |first2=Micol |last3=Gunes |first3=Hatice |title=Companion of the 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction |chapter=Adaptive Robotic Mental Well-being Coaches |date=2023-03-13 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3568294.3579968 |language=en |location=Stockholm Sweden |publisher=ACM |pages=733–735 |doi=10.1145/3568294.3579968 |isbn=978-1-4503-9970-8|s2cid=257406260 ))</ref> for students,<ref name=":1">((Cite book |last1=Jeong |first1=Sooyeon |last2=Alghowinem |first2=Sharifa |last3=Aymerich-Franch |first3=Laura |last4=Arias |first4=Kika |last5=Lapedriza |first5=Agata |last6=Picard |first6=Rosalind |last7=Park |first7=Hae Won |last8=Breazeal |first8=Cynthia |title=2020 29th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) |chapter=A Robotic Positive Psychology Coach to Improve College Students' Wellbeing |date=August 2020 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9223588 |location=Naples, Italy |publisher=IEEE |pages=187–194 |doi=10.1109/RO-MAN47096.2020.9223588 |hdl=10230/56627 |isbn=978-1-7281-6075-7|s2cid=221534231 ))</ref> in public,<ref name=":2">((Cite book |last1=Axelsson |first1=Minja |last2=Spitale |first2=Micol |last3=Gunes |first3=Hatice |title=Companion of the 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction |chapter=Robotic Coaches Delivering Group Mindfulness Practice at a Public Cafe |date=2023-03-13 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3568294.3580048 |series=HRI '23 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=86–90 |doi=10.1145/3568294.3580048 |isbn=978-1-4503-9970-8|s2cid=257406411 ))</ref> and at the workplace.<ref name=":3">((Cite book |last1=Spitale |first1=Micol |last2=Axelsson |first2=Minja |last3=Gunes |first3=Hatice |title=Proceedings of the 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction |chapter=Robotic Mental Well-being Coaches for the Workplace |date=2023-03-13 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3568162.3577003 |language=en |location=Stockholm Sweden |publisher=ACM |pages=301–310 |doi=10.1145/3568162.3577003 |isbn=978-1-4503-9964-7|s2cid=257430702 ))</ref> Robotic mental well-being coaches can perform practices such as positive psychology<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> and mindfulness.<ref name=":2" /><ref>((Cite book |last1=Axelsson |first1=Minja |last2=Racca |first2=Mattia |last3=Weir |first3=Daryl |last4=Kyrki |first4=Ville |title=2019 28th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) |chapter=A Participatory Design Process of a Robotic Tutor of Assistive Sign Language for Children with Autism |date=October 2019 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8956309 |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=IEEE |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1109/RO-MAN46459.2019.8956309 |isbn=978-1-7281-2622-7|s2cid=209486269 |url=https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/43364 ))</ref> Users' perceptions of robotic mental well-being coaches have been shown to depend on the robot's appearance.<ref>((Cite web |date=2023-03-15 |title=Robots may improve mental health at work if they look right, scientists say |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/robots-work-mental-health-improvement-b2301042.html |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=The Independent |language=en))</ref>

The ethics of social robots' use in healthcare should also be mentioned. One potential risk of social robots is deception—there may be an expectation that the robot can perform certain functions when it actually cannot.<ref name=":13"/> For example, with increased human-likeness and anthropomorphic traits, humans interacting with robots might assume the robot to have feelings and thoughts, which is misleading.<ref name=":13"/> Isolating older adults from humans is also a risk of social robots in that these robots may make up a significant amount of the individual's social interaction.<ref name=":13"/> Currently there is little evidence about the long-term impacts this limited human contact and increased robot interaction may have.<ref name=":13"/> Some social robots also have a built in telepresence capacity that can be utilized such that individuals can videoconference with family, caregivers, and medical staff, which may decrease loneliness and isolation.<ref name=":0">((Cite journal|last1=Moyle|first1=Wendy|last2=Arnautovska|first2=Urska|last3=Ownsworth|first3=Tamara|last4=Jones|first4=Cindy|date=December 2017|title=Potential of telepresence robots to enhance social connectedness in older adults with dementia: an integrative review of feasibility|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1041610217001776/type/journal_article|journal=International Psychogeriatrics|language=en|volume=29|issue=12|pages=1951–1964|doi=10.1017/S1041610217001776|pmid=28879828|issn=1041-6102|hdl=10072/376115|s2cid=22545504|hdl-access=free))</ref> The video capability of some robots is a potential avenue for social interaction and increasing accessibility of medical assessments.<ref name=":0" /> Dignity for persons interacting with robots should also be respected—individuals might find some robots, like the cuddly toy-like [[Paro (robot)|Paro]], to be infantilizing, and future investigations should explore how to best increase autonomy of patients interacting with robots.<ref name=":13"/> Furthermore, privacy is another ethical concern in that some social robots can collect and store video data or data from sensors.<ref name=":13"/> The stored data is at risk to be stolen or hacked into, which negatively impacts individual privacy.<ref name=":13"/> Safety of individuals interacting with robots is another concern in that robots may accidentally cause harm, like by bumping into someone and causing them to fall.<ref name=":13"/> Ethical considerations should be taken into account before introducing robots into healthcare settings.

== Presence in the Workplace ==
The presence of social robots within the workplace makes a difference in the daily work lives of the employees. Due to the robot's advanced technological knowledge, they are able to contribute and assist in completing tasks and contributing to the overall diversity of the work itself. Not to mention the work the robots contribute; they also alleviate the work piles and stress that are put on everyday employees. Social robots can be a key player in assisting when humans may not have the correct knowledge or skills to perform the task at hand, as well as reduce the exposure human employees have to accidents and health risks within the workplace.

Workplace difficulties arise when employees face illnesses, heavy workloads, or other obstacles preventing them from performing to their full potential. When these productivity and quality levels may be in danger, social robots offer a new solution and can be used to assist employees where necessary. This is especially true when it comes to the possible stress and depression employees face in being overworked.<ref name=":04">((cite book | editor-first=Oliver | editor-last=Korn | title=Human–Computer Interaction Series | chapter=Social Robots: Technological, Societal and Ethical Aspects of Human-Robot Interaction | publisher=Springer International Publishing | publication-place=Cham | year=2019 | isbn=978-3-030-17106-3 | issn=1571-5035 | doi=10.1007/978-3-030-17107-0 | s2cid=195766172 ))</ref> These robots can play a crucial role in alleviating pieces of tasks and the overall work demand for individual employees. In instances like Europe has been facing with a lack of labor force within the service industry, social robots play a crucial role in entering and restoring relatively normal workplace functionality.<ref name=":04" />

==Examples==
((More citations needed section|date=June 2022))
One of the most well-known social robots currently in development is [[Sophia (robot)|Sophia]], developed by [[Hanson Robotics]]. Sophia is a social humanoid robot that can display more than 50 facial expressions, and is the first non-human to be given a United Nations title.<ref>((Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=At UN, robot Sophia joins meeting on artificial intelligence and sustainable development |url=https://www.un.org/en/desa/un-robot-sophia-joins-meeting-artificial-intelligence-and-sustainable-development |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=United Nations |language=en))</ref>

[[SoftBank Robotics]] has developed multiple social, semi-humanoid robots which are frequently used in research, including [[Pepper (robot)|Pepper]] and [[Nao (robot)|Nao]]. Pepper is used both commercially and academically, as well as being used by consumers in over a thousand homes in Japan.

Other notable examples of social robots include [[ASIMO]] by [[Honda]], [[Jibo]], [[Vivian Chu#Diligent Robotics|Moxi]], and [[Kaspar (robot)|Kaspar]], designed by [[University of Hertfordshire]] to help children with autism learn responses from the robot through games and interactive play.<ref>((cite news |title= Robot at Hertfordshire University aids autistic children |work= BBC News |date= 25 December 2011 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-16261057 |first=Patrick |last=Byrne |accessdate= 28 Sep 2014))</ref> [[Anki (American company)|Anki]]'s robots Cozmo and Vector also fell into the category of social robots, but all were shut down between 2018 and 2019.

Social robots do not necessarily have to be humanoid. The most famous example of a non-humanoid social robot is [[Paro (robot)|Paro the seal]].

==See also==
* [[hitchBOT]] (decapitated in Philadelphia)
* [[Kismet (robot)|Kismet]]
* [[Joe Robot]]
* [[Tico Robot|Tico]]
* [[Paro (robot)|Paro]]
* [[Pepper (robot)|Pepper]]
* [[Nao (robot)|Nao]]
* [[Pleo]]
* [[Socially assistive robot]]

==Further references==
((more footnotes needed|date=June 2011))
* ((cite magazine |first= W. Grey |last= Walter |title= An Imitation of Life |magazine= Scientific American |date= May 1950 |pages= 42–45 ))
* ((cite book|first= Kerstin |last= Dautenhahn|title= Proceedings of PerAc '94. From Perception to Action|chapter= Trying to imitate-a step towards releasing robots from social isolation|author-link=Kerstin Dautenhahn |location= Lausanne, Switzerland |editor-first1= P. |editor-last1= Gaussier |editor-first2= J. D. |editor-last2= Nicoud |publisher= IEEE Computer Society Press |pages= 290–301 |date= 1994 |doi= 10.1109/FPA.1994.636112 |isbn= 0-8186-6482-7 |s2cid= 152231331))
* ((cite journal |first= Kerstin |last= Dautenhahn|author-link=Kerstin Dautenhahn |title= Getting to know each other - artificial social intelligence for autonomous robots |journal= Robotics and Autonomous Systems |volume= 16 |issue= 2–4 |pages= 333–356 |date= 1995 |doi= 10.1016/0921-8890(95)00054-2 ))
* ((cite book |first= Cynthia L. |last= Breazeal |title= Designing Sociable Robots |publisher= MIT Press |date= 2002 |isbn= 0-262-02510-8 ))
* ((cite journal |first1= Terrence |last1= Fong |first2= Illah R. |last2= Nourbakhsh |first3= Kerstin |last3= Dautenhahn|author3-link=Kerstin Dautenhahn |title= A survey of socially interactive robots |journal= Robotics and Autonomous Systems |volume= 42 |issue= 3–4 |pages= 143–166 |date= 2003 |doi= 10.1016/S0921-8890(02)00372-X |s2cid= 7360895 |url= http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/30017 ))
* ((cite book |editor-last1= Loh |editor-first1= Janina |editor-last2= Loh |editor-first2= Wulf|date= 2022 |title= Social Robotics and the Good Life. The Normative Side of Forming Emotional Bonds With Robots |location= Bielefeld |publisher= transcript Verlag |isbn= 978-3-8376-6265-8))

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
* [https://www.springer.com/engineering/journal/12369 International Journal of Social Robotics]
* [http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_seriesview.cgi?series=IS Interaction Studies: Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526132855/http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_seriesview.cgi?series=IS |date=2008-05-26 ))

((Commons category|Social robots))

[[Category:Social robots| ]]

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