Sodium cyclopentadienide

The cyclopentadienide anion
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Sodium cyclopentadienide
Other names
Sodium cyclopentadienylide, Cyclopentadienylsodium
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.023.306 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 225-636-8
  • InChI=1S/C5H5.Na/c1-2-4-5-3-1;/h1-5H;/q-1;+1 checkY
    Key: OHUVHDUNQKJDKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1S/C5H5.Na/c1-2-4-5-3-1;/h1-5H;/q-1;+1
  • Key: OHUVHDUNQKJDKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • [Na+].c1[cH-]ccc1
Properties
C5H5Na
Molar mass 88.085 g·mol−1
Appearance colorless solid
Density 1.113 g/cm3
decomposition
Solubility THF
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
 flammable
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Sodium cyclopentadienide is an organosodium compound with the formula C5H5Na. The compound is often abbreviated as NaCp, where Cp− is the cyclopentadienide anion.[1] Sodium cyclopentadienide is a colorless solid, although samples often are pink owing to traces of oxidized impurities.[2]

Preparation

Sodium cyclopentadienide is commercially available as a solution in THF. It is prepared by treating cyclopentadiene with sodium:[3]

2 Na + 2 C5H6 → 2 NaC5H5 + H2

The conversion can be conducted by heating a suspension of molten sodium in dicyclopentadiene.[2] In former times, the sodium was provided in the form of "sodium wire" or "sodium sand", a fine dispersion of sodium prepared by melting sodium in refluxing xylene and rapidly stirring.[4][5] Sodium hydride is a convenient base:[6]

NaH + 2 C5H6 → NaC5H5 + H2

In early work, Grignard reagents were used as bases. With a pKa of 15, cyclopentadiene can be deprotonated by many reagents.

Applications

Sodium cyclopentadienide is a common reagent for the preparation of metallocenes. For example, the preparation of ferrocene[4] and zirconocene dichloride:[7]

2 NaC5H5 + FeCl2 → Fe(C5H5)2 + 2 NaCl
ZrCl4(thf)2 + 2 NaCp → (C5H5)2ZrCl2 + 2 NaCl + 2 THF

Sodium cyclopentadienide is also used for the preparation of substituted cyclopentadienyl derivatives such as the ester and formyl derivatives:[8]

NaC5H5 + O=C(OEt)2 → NaC5H4CO2Et + NaOEt

These compounds are used to prepare substituted metallocenes such as 1,1'-ferrocenedicarboxylic acid.[9]

Structure

The nature of NaCp depends strongly on its medium and for the purposes of planning syntheses; the reagent is often represented as a salt Na+
C
5H−
5. Crystalline solvent-free NaCp, which is rarely encountered, is a "polydecker" sandwich complex, consisting of an infinite chain of alternating Na+ centers sandwiched between μ-η5:η5-C5H5 ligands.[10] As a solution in donor solvents, NaCp is highly solvated, especially at the alkali metal as suggested by the isolability of the adduct Na(tmeda)Cp.[11]

In contrast to alkali metal cyclopentadienides, tetrabutylammonium cyclopentadienide (Bu4N+C5H5−) was found to be supported entirely by ionic bonding and its structure is representative of the structure of the cyclopentadienide anion (C5H5−, Cp−) in the solid state. However, the anion deviates somewhat from a planar, regular pentagon, with C–C bond lengths ranging from 138.0 -140.1 pm and C–C–C bond angles ranging from 107.5-108.8°.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2005). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK): RSC–IUPAC. ISBN 0-85404-438-8. p. 262. Electronic version.
  2. ^ a b Tarun K. Panda, Michael T. Gamer, Peter W. Roesky "An Improved Synthesis of Sodium and Potassium Cyclopentadienide" Organometallics, 2003, 22, 877–878.doi:10.1021/om0207865
  3. ^ Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey (1988), Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, p. 139, ISBN 0-471-84997-9
  4. ^ a b Wilkinson, Geoffrey (1963). "Ferrocene". Organic Syntheses.; Collective Volume, vol. 4, p. 473
  5. ^ Partridge, John J.; Chadha, Naresh K.; Uskokovic, Milan R. (1990). "An asymmetric hydroboration of 5-substituted cyclopentadienes: synthesis of methyl (1R,5R)-5-hydroxy-2-cyclopentene-1-acetate". Organic Syntheses.((cite journal)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link); Collective Volume, vol. 7, p. 339
  6. ^ Girolami, G. S.; Rauchfuss, T. B. & Angelici, R. J. (1999). Synthesis and Technique in Inorganic Chemistry. CA: University Science Books: Mill Valley. ISBN 0935702482.
  7. ^ Wilkinson, G.; Birmingham, J. G. (1954). "Bis-cyclopentadienyl Compounds of Ti, Zr, V, Nb and Ta". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76 (17): 4281–84. doi:10.1021/ja01646a008.
  8. ^ Macomber, D. W.; Hart, W. P.; Rausch, M. D. (1982). "Functionally Substituted Cyclopentadienyl Metal Compounds". Adv. Organomet. Chem. Advances in Organometallic Chemistry. 21: 1–55. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(08)60377-9. ISBN 9780120311217.
  9. ^ Petrov, Alex R.; Jess, Kristof; Freytag, Matthias; Jones, Peter G.; Tamm, Matthias (2013). "Large-Scale Preparation of 1,1′-Ferrocenedicarboxylic Acid, a Key Compound for the Synthesis of 1,1′-Disubstituted Ferrocene Derivatives". Organometallics. 32 (20): 5946–5954. doi:10.1021/om4004972.
  10. ^ Robert E. Dinnebier; Ulrich Behrens & Falk Olbrich (1997). "Solid State Structures of Cyclopentadienyllithium, -sodium, and -potassium. Determination by High-Resolution Powder Diffraction". Organometallics. 16 (17): 3855–3858. doi:10.1021/om9700122.
  11. ^ Elschenbroich, C. (2006). Organometallics. Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. ISBN 978-3-527-29390-2.
  12. ^ Reetz, Manfred T.; Hütte, Stephan; Goddard, Richard (1995-03-01). "Tetrabutylammonium Salts of 2-Nitropropane, Cyclopentadiene and 9-Ethylfluorene: Crystal Structures and Use in Anionic Polymerization". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B. 50 (3): 415–422. doi:10.1515/znb-1995-0316. ISSN 1865-7117. S2CID 45791403.
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