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((short description|Classical song cycle by Charles Villiers Stanford, premiered in 1904))
((italic title))
((use British English|date=January 2017))
((use dmy dates|date=January 2017))
'''''Songs of the Sea''''' is a [[Song cycle|cycle]] of five songs for baritone, male voice chorus, and orchestra, to poems by [[Henry Newbolt]]. It was composed by [[Charles Villiers Stanford]], was premiered at the 1904 [[Leeds Festival (classical music)|Leeds Festival]], and was published as his [[Opus number|Op.]] 91.

'''''Songs of the Fleet''''' is a companion cycle of five songs for baritone, mixed chorus, and orchestra, also to poems by Newbolt. It was premiered at Leeds in 1910, and was published by Stanford as his Op. 117.

==Overview==
According to music critic Geoffrey Crankshaw:((blockquote|"Newbolt was particularly drawn to England's naval traditions and to the lure of the sea in general. His imagery was uncomplicated and his language bracing - just the right material for Stanford's down-to-earth honesty of vision.

[...]

"Some general features of [Stanford's] style are readily grasped: for instance, he favoured swift forward movement; rhetoric is present, but never overdone. Then, too, his harmonies are lucid - some might say unadventurous, but they are always pertinent to the immediate task of underpinning a key-point in the text. Melodic lines are clean-cut, and the accompaniments are functional and airy in texture."<ref name=Crankshaw>Geoffrey Crankshaw. Liner notes to [[EMI Records]] ASD 4401 (1983)</ref> ))

"Drake's Drum" may be the best known of the ten songs. It relates to [[Drake's Drum|the legend]] that [[Sir Francis Drake]], naval hero under [[Elizabeth I of England]], on his deathbed in the [[Spanish Main]], asked that his drum be taken to England. He promised that should it be beaten in the hour of England's gravest need, he and his fleet would reappear in the [[English Channel]] to repel the invaders; as they did the [[Spanish Armada]] in 1588. It has been recorded by, among others, [[Peter Dawson (bass-baritone)|Peter Dawson]], [[John Shirley-Quirk]] and [[Thomas Allen (baritone)|Sir Thomas Allen]]; either in the original version, or in an arrangement for voice and piano.

==''Songs of the Sea''==
''Songs of the Sea'' was written for [[Harry Plunket Greene]], a renowned baritone in his day. He gave the first performance, at the 1904 Leeds Festival.<ref name=Crankshaw /> The texts are:<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.lieder.net/lieder/assemble_texts.html?SongCycleId=191 |title=Songs of the Sea |website=[[The LiederNet Archive]] |accessdate=23 January 2017))</ref>
# "Drake's Drum"
# "Outward Bound"
# "Devon, O Devon, in Wind and Rain"
# "Homeward Bound"
# "The Old Superb" <ref>This references [[HMS Superb (1798)|HMS ''Superb'' (1798)]] under the command of [[Richard Goodwin Keats]] in Nelson's chase of the French fleet in 1804-5 to the West Indies and back. See; Hannah, P., A Treasure to the Service, Green Hill, 2021 Ch.8.</ref>

A complete performance takes about 18 minutes.

[[Haydn Wood]] (1882-1959), best known for his [[light music]], made an orchestral arrangement of ''Songs of the Sea'', known variously as ''Stanford Rhapsody'' and as ''Westward Ho''.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/garlands/Haydnwood.htm |title=YORKSHIRE, THE ISLE OF MAN, PICARDY AND LONDON: THE MUSIC OF HAYDN WOOD |first=Len |last=Mullinger |accessdate=23 January 2017))</ref>

==''Songs of the Fleet''==
Greene was also connected with ''Songs of the Fleet'', premiered at the 1910 Leeds Festival.<ref name=Crankshaw /> The texts are:<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.lieder.net/lieder/assemble_texts.html?SongCycleId=3369 |title=Songs of the Fleet |website=[[The LiederNet Archive]] |accessdate=23 January 2017))</ref>
# "Sailing at Dawn"
# "The Song of the Sou'wester"
# "The Middle Watch"
# "The Little Admiral"
# "Fare Well"

A complete performance takes about 26 minutes.

==Notable recordings==
((dynamic list|date=January 2017))
* 1928/1933 – [[Peter Dawson (bass-baritone)|Peter Dawson]] with unnamed men's chorus, orchestra and conductor. [[His Master's Voice]] <small>B 2743</small>. (78 rpm)<ref>((citation |mode=cs1 |title=Outward Bound; Drake's Drum |at=B 2743 (10") |last=Dawson |first=Peter |series=Songs of the Sea, Op. 91 (Stanford) |others=With men's chorus and orchestra |publisher=His Master's Voice |date=July 1928 |url=http://www.45worlds.com/78rpm/record/b2743 |accessdate=19 May 2020)) at [http://www.45worlds.com 45worlds]</ref><ref>((citation |mode=cs1 |title=Devon, O Devon; The Old Superb |at=B 4883 (10") |last=Dawson |first=Peter |series=Songs of the Sea, Op. 91 (Stanford) |others=With men's chorus and orchestra |publisher=His Master's Voice |date=September 1933 |url=http://www.45worlds.com/78rpm/record/b4483 |accessdate=19 May 2020)) at [http://www.45worlds.com 45worlds]</ref><ref>((citation |mode=cs1 |title= Homeward Bound; The Old Superb |at=C 1479 (12") |last=Dawson |first=Peter |publisher=His Master's Voice |year=1928 |series=Songs of the Sea, Op. 91 (Stanford) |url=https://governmentgazette.sa.gov.au/sites/default/files/public/documents/gazette/2001/March/2001_031.pdf&page=3 |others=(South Australia Government Gazette, 22 March 2001, p. 960: Copyright Act, 1968) |accessdate=19 May 2020))</ref>
* 1983 - [[Benjamin Luxon]] with the [[Bournemouth Symphony Chorus]] and [[Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra]] under [[Norman Del Mar]]. [[EMI Records]] <small>ASD 4401</small>.<ref>((discogs release |release=8461446 |type=album |name= Stanford, Benjamin Luxon, Bournemouth Symphony Chorus, Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, Norman Del Mar - Songs Of The Sea / Songs Of The Fleet))</ref>

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
* ((IMSLP |work=Songs of the Sea, Op.91 (Stanford, Charles Villiers) |cname=Songs of the Sea, Op.91 (Stanford, Charles Villiers)))
* ((IMSLP |work=Songs of the Fleet, Op.117 (Stanford, Charles Villiers) |cname=Songs of the Fleet, Op.117 (Stanford, Charles Villiers)))

((Charles Villiers Stanford))

[[Category:1904 compositions]]
[[Category:Song cycles by Charles Villiers Stanford]]
[[Category:Classical song cycles in English]]
[[Category:Musical settings of poems by Henry Newbolt]]

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