Sites for launching large rockets are often equipped with a sound suppression system to absorb or deflect acoustic energy generated during a rocket launch. As engine exhaust gasses exceed the speed of sound, they collide with the ambient air and shockwaves are created, with noise levels approaching 200 db. This energy can be reflected by the launch platform and pad surfaces, and could potentially cause damage to the launch vehicle, payload, and crew. For instance, the maximum admissible overall sound power level (OASPL) for payload integrity is approximately 145 db.[1] Sound is dissipated by huge volumes of water distributed across the launch pad and launch platform during liftoff.[2][3]

Water-based acoustic suppression systems are common on launch pads. They aid in reducing acoustic energy by injecting large quantities of water below the launch pad into the exhaust plume and in the area above the pad. Flame deflectors or flame trenches are designed to channel rocket exhaust away from the launch pad but also redirect acoustic energy away.[2][4]

Soviet Union/Russia

The launch pad built by the Soviet Union beginning in 1978 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome for launching the Energiya rocket included an elaborate sound suppression system which delivered a peak flow of 18 cubic metres (4,800 US gal) per second fed by three ground level reservoirs totaling 18,000 cubic metres (4,800,000 US gal).[5]

NASA

Space Shuttle program

Water is released onto an MLP at LC-39A at the start of a sound suppression system test in 2004. During launch, 300,000 US gallons (1.1 million litres) of water are poured onto the pad in only 41 seconds.

Data from the launch of STS-1 found an overpressure wave created by the shuttle's three SSME (now designated RS-25) liquid-fueled rocket engines and the four-segment solid rocket boosters contributed to the loss of sixteen and damage to an additional 148 thermal protection tiles prompting modifications to the Sound Suppression Water System (SSWS) installed at both launch pads at Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39.[6][7]

The resulting gravity fed system, used through the remainder of the program, began release from a 300,000-US-gallon (1.1-million-litre) water tower at the launch site 6.6 seconds before main engine start through 7 feet (2.1 m) diameter pipes connected to the mobile launch platform. Water flowed out six 12-foot-high (3.7 m) towers known as "rainbirds" onto the launch platform and flame trench below, emptying the system in 41 seconds[8] with a peak flow of reducing acoustic energy levels to approximately 142 dB.[9]

The massive white clouds that billowed around the shuttle at each launch were not smoke, but wet steam generated as the rocket exhaust boiled away huge quantities of water.[10]

Antares

Launch pad 0 at the Mid-Atlantic Spaceport at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia is equipped with a 950,000 litres (250,000 US gal) water tower 307 feet (94 m) above the ground, among the tallest in the world. Engine exhaust exits through ring of water jets in the launch platform, directly beneath engine nozzles. The system is capable of delivering 4,000 US gallons (15 m3) per second.[11][12] Additional storage tanks totaling 100,000 US gallons (380,000 L; 83,000 imp gal) may be added for static fire tests. Water not vaporized is held in a 1,200 square metres (13,000 sq ft) retention basin where it is tested before release.[13]

Space Launch System

Following the retirement of the Space Shuttle program, pad B at launch complex 39 was upgraded for launches of the Space Launch System (SLS). SLS features an additional RS-25 liquid-fueled rocket engine along with an additional segment in each of its solid rocket boosters over the Space Shuttle program prompting upgrades to the system creating the Ignition Over-Pressure/Sound Suppression Water System (IOP/SS).

The control system was upgraded including replacement of nearly 250 miles (400 km) of copper cables with 57 miles (92 km) of fiber optic cable. Capacity was upgraded to 400,000 US gallons (1,500,000 L) with a peak flow rate of 1,100,000 US gallons (4,200,000 L) per minute. The upgrade system was tested in December 2018 with 450,000 US gallons (1,700,000 L).[14]

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

JAXA "seeks to achieve the world's quietest launch" from their Noshiro Rocket Test Center in Akita with the installation of a sound suppression water system as well as sound absorbing walls. The H3 Scaled Acoustic Reduction Experiment completed in 2017 provided additional data about the noise generated during liftoff.[15][16]

References

  1. ^ Dougherty, N. S., & Guest, S. H. (2012, August 17). A correlation of scale model and flight aeroacoustic data for the Space Shuttle Vehicle. Aeroacoustics Conferences. Retrieved November 16, 2022, from https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.1984-2351
  2. ^ a b Lubert, Caroline Parsons (2017). "Sixty years of launch vehicle acoustics". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 142 (4): 040004. Bibcode:2017ASAJ..142.2489L. doi:10.1121/1.5014084.
  3. ^ Walsh, E. J.; Hart, P.M. (Nov 1982). "Liftoff Ignition Overpressure-A Correlation". Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 19 (6): 550–556. Bibcode:1982JSpRo..19..550W. doi:10.2514/3.62300. ISSN 0022-4650.
  4. ^ "Acoustic Loads Generated by the Propulsion System (NASA SP-8072)" (PDF). June 1971.
  5. ^ Hendrickx, Bart. (2007). Energiya-Buran : the Soviet space shuttle. Vis, Bert. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-73984-7. OCLC 232363288.
  6. ^ KSC, Lynda Warnock. "NASA - STS-1". www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  7. ^ "NASA@SC15: Simulating the SLS Ignition Over-Pressure/Sound Suppression Water System". www.nas.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  8. ^ Stuckey, Jeff; Heiney, Anna (May 10, 2004). "Sound Suppression Test Unleashes a Flood". NASA.gov. Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  9. ^ Warnock, Lynda. "Sound Suppression System". Space Shuttle. NASA. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
  10. ^ "Countdown! NASA Launch Vehicles and Facilities" (PDF). NASA. October 1991. pp. 23–24. PMS 018-B, section 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 27, 2005. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  11. ^ PAO (2015-12-17). "NASA Wallops". @nasa_wallops. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  12. ^ PAO. "MARS Pad 0-A water deluge". NASA's Wallops Flight Facility Facebook page.
  13. ^ URS EG&G (August 2009). "Environmental Assessment for Expansion of the Wallops Flight Facility Launch Range" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-02.
  14. ^ "Launch Complex 39B Fact Sheet" (PDF).
  15. ^ "JAXA | H3 Launch Vehicle". JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  16. ^ "Renovation of Launch Facilities for H3 Launch Vehicle – Parabolic Arc". Retrieved 2020-02-02.
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