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((Short description|Southern half of the celestial sphere))
((more citations needed|date=August 2017))

[[File:South Hemisphere.png|upright=1.2|thumb|A [[star chart]] of the entire Southern Sky, centered on the south [[celestial pole]]]]

The '''southern celestial hemisphere''', also called the '''Southern Sky''', is the [[Southern Hemisphere|southern half]] of the [[celestial sphere]]; that is, it lies [[south]] of the [[celestial equator]]. This arbitrary sphere, on which seemingly [[fixed stars]] form [[constellation]]s, [[diurnal motion|appears to rotate]] westward around a [[celestial pole|polar axis]] as the Earth [[Earth's rotation|rotates]].

At all times, the entire Southern Sky is visible from the geographic [[South Pole]]; less of the Southern Sky is visible the [[latitude|further north]] the observer is located. The northern counterpart is the [[northern celestial hemisphere]].

== Astronomy ==
[[File:Earth within celestial sphere.gif|thumb|[[Earth's rotation|Earth rotating]] within the [[celestial sphere]]. In this view, the southern celestial hemisphere is below the [[celestial equator]], the middle parallel (in cyan).]]
In the context of [[astronomical]] discussions or writing about [[celestial cartography|celestial mapping]], it may also simply then be referred to as the Southern Hemisphere.

For the purpose of celestial mapping, the sky is considered by astronomers as the inside of a [[sphere]] divided in two halves by the [[celestial equator]].((according to whom|dated=August 2017|date=August 2017)) The Southern Sky or Southern Hemisphere is, therefore, that half of the [[celestial sphere]] that is south of the celestial equator. Even if this one is the ideal [[Map projection|projection]] of the terrestrial equatorial onto the imaginary celestial sphere, the Northern and Southern celestial hemispheres must not be confused with descriptions of the [[Earth|terrestrial]] [[hemispheres of Earth|hemispheres]] of [[Earth]] itself.((according to whom|dated=August 2017|date=August 2017))

== Observation ==
[[File:Acta Eruditorum - V astronomia, 1711 – BEIC 13378880.jpg|thumb|Chart of the southern constellations from declination –40° to the south celestial pole by the Jesuit missionary [[François_Noël_(missionary)|François Noël]] published in ''[[Acta Eruditorum]]'', 1711.]]

From the [[South Pole]], in good visibility conditions, the Southern Sky features over 2,000 [[fixed stars]] that are easily visible to the [[naked eye]], while about 20,000 to 40,000 with the aided eye.((citation needed|date=August 2017))((dubious|date=August 2017)) In large cities, about 300 to 500 stars can be seen depending on the extent of [[light pollution|light]] and [[air pollution]].((citation needed|date=August 2017)) The farther north, the fewer are visible to the observer.((citation needed|date=August 2017))

The brightest stars are all larger than the Sun.((dubious|date=August 2017)) [[Sirius]] in the [[constellation]] of [[Canis Major]] has the brightest [[apparent magnitude]] of −1.46; it has a radius twice [[solar radius|that of the Sun]] and is 8.6 [[light-year]]s away. [[Canopus]] and the next fixed star [[α Centauri]], 4.2 light-years away, are also located in the Southern Sky, having declinations around −60°; too close to the [[south celestial pole]] for either to be visible from [[Central Europe]].<ref>David Ellyard, Wil Tirion: ''The Southern Sky Guide.'' Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 2009, ((ISBN|978-0-521-71405-1))</ref>

==History==
The first telescopic [[Star chart|chart]] of the Southern Sky was made by the English astronomer [[Edmond Halley]],<ref>((cite web|date=2014|title=Edmond Halley (1656–1742)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/halley_edmond.shtml|access-date=2021-07-11|website=BBC))</ref><ref>((cite web|title=Edmond Halley's southern star catalogue|url=http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/halley.html|access-date=2023-07-26))</ref> from the island of [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] in the South Atlantic ocean and published by him in 1678.<ref>((cite book|last=Kanas|first=Nick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bae3LP4tfP4C&pg=PA123|title=Star Maps: History, Artistry, and Cartography|publisher=Springer|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4614-0917-5|edition=2nd|location=Chichester, UK|page=123))</ref>

==See also==
* [[Astronomical coordinate systems]]
* [[Celestial spheres]]
* [[Northern celestial hemisphere]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

((Authority control))

[[Category:Astronomical coordinate systems]]
[[Category:Hemispheres]]

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