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((short description|Ballistic missile submarine))
((about|the Soviet submarine K-19|the 2002 film dramatizating the  submarine's nuclear accident|K-19: The Widowmaker|other uses|K-19 (disambiguation)))
((Distinguish|Soviet submarine K-219))
{|((Infobox ship begin))
((Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[File:K-19.jpg|300px|K-19]]
|Ship caption=  ''K-19'' disabled in the North Atlantic on 29 February 1972
))
((Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country= Soviet Union
|Ship flag=((shipboxflag|Soviet Union|naval))
|Ship name= ''К-19''
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=
|Ship laid down= 17 October 1958
|Ship launched= 8 April 1959
|Ship completed=12 November 1960
|Ship commissioned= 30 April 1961
|Ship decommissioned= 19 April 1990
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship struck= 
|Ship homeport=
|Ship nickname= [[Hiroshima]]
|Ship fate= Recycled at Naval Yard 85 ''Nerpa''.
|Ship notes=
))
((Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class= ((sclass2|Hotel|submarine))
|Ship displacement=*((convert|4030|LT|t|0|lk=in|abbr=on)) (surfaced)
*((convert|5000|LT|t|0|abbr=on)) (submerged)
|Ship length=((convert|114|m|ftin|abbr=on))
|Ship beam=((convert|9.2|m|ftin|abbr=on))
|Ship draft=((convert|7.1|m|ftin|abbr=on))
|Ship propulsion=2 × 70 MW [[VM reactor|VM-A reactors]], 2 geared turbines, 2 shafts, ((convert|39200|shp|MW|0|abbr=on))
|Ship speed=*((convert|15|kn)) (surfaced)
*((convert|26|kn)) (submerged)
|Ship range=*((convert|35700|mi|km|abbr=on)) at ((convert|26|kn))
*((convert|32200|mi|km|abbr=on)) at ((convert|24|kn)) (80% power)
|Ship endurance= 60 days (limited by food, and physical health)
|Ship test depth=*((convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on)) (test)
*((convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on)) (design)
|Ship complement=125 officers and men
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=*3 × [[R-13 (missile)|R-13]] nuclear [[SRBM]] (650 km range) as a [[Hotel I]]
*3 × [[R-21 (missile)|R-21]] nuclear [[MRBM]] (1300 km range) as a [[Hotel II]]
*4 × ((convert|21|in|mm|0|abbr=on)) torpedo tubes forward
*2 × ((convert|16|in|mm|0|abbr=on)) tubes forward
*2 × ((convert|16|in|mm|0|abbr=on)) tubes aft
|Ship notes=
))
|}

'''''K-19''''' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: '''К-19''') was the first [[submarine]] of the Project 658 ([[Russian language|Russian]]: '''проект-658''', lit: ''Projekt-658'')  class ([[List of NATO reporting names for ballistic missile submarines|NATO reporting name]] ((sclass2|Hotel|submarine))), the first generation of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[nuclear submarine]]s equipped with [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile|nuclear ballistic missiles]], specifically the [[R-13 (missile)|R-13]] [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile|SLBM]]. The boat was hastily built by the Soviets in response to [[United States]]' developments in nuclear submarines as part of the [[arms race]]. Before she was [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]], 10 civilian workers and a sailor died due to accidents and fires. After ''K-19'' was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]], the boat had multiple breakdowns and accidents, several of which threatened to sink the submarine.

On its initial voyage on 4 July 1961, ''K-19'' suffered a complete loss of coolant to one of its two reactors. A backup system included in the design was not installed, so the captain ordered members of the engineering crew to find a solution to avoid a [[nuclear meltdown]]. Sacrificing their own lives, the engineering crew [[jury-rig]]ged a secondary coolant system and kept the reactor from a meltdown. Twenty-two crew members died during the following two years. The submarine experienced several other accidents, including two fires and a collision. The series of accidents inspired crew members to nickname the submarine "[[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Hiroshima]]".

== History ==

=== Background ===

In the late 1950s, the leaders of the Soviet Union were determined to catch up with the United States and began to build a nuclear submarine fleet. The boat was pushed through production and rushed through testing. ''K-19'' suffered from poor workmanship and was accident-prone from the beginning.<ref name=bbc/> Many Soviet naval officers felt that the ships were not fit for combat.<ref name=natgeo/> The crew aboard the first nuclear submarines of the Soviet fleet were provided with a very high quality standard of food including smoked fish, sausages,  fine chocolates, and cheeses, unlike the standard fare given to the crews of other naval vessels.<ref name=latimes/>

==== Construction deaths ====

''K-19'' was ordered by the Soviet Navy on 16 October 1957.<ref>[http://www.submarines.narod.ru/Substory/6_658_19.html Historical overview] ((in lang|ru))</ref> Her [[keel]] was [[Keel laying|laid]] on 17 October 1958 at the naval yard in [[Severodvinsk]]. Several workers died building the submarine: two workers were killed when a fire broke out, and later six women gluing rubber lining to a water cistern were killed by fumes.<ref name=latimes/> While missiles were being loaded, an electrician was crushed to death by a missile-tube cover, and an engineer fell between two compartments and died.<ref name=natgeo/>

==== Gains unlucky reputation ====

The boat was launched and named on 8 April 1959.<ref name=natgeo>((cite web|title=1958-60: The Construction of K-19|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/k19/k19_html_main.html|work=K-19: The History|publisher=National Geographic|access-date=28 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308044223/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/k19/k19_html_main.html|archive-date=8 March 2014))</ref> Breaking with tradition, a man (Captain 3rd Rank V. V. Panov of the 5th Urgent Unit) instead of a woman was chosen to smash the ceremonial champagne bottle across the ship's stern. The bottle failed to break, instead sliding along the propellers and bouncing off the rubber-coated hull. This is traditionally viewed among sea crews as a sign that the ship is unlucky.<ref>((cite web|first=Robert|last=McNamara|publisher=About.com|title=Ships, Champagne, and Superstition|url=http://history1800s.about.com/od/transportation/a/shipchampagne.htm|access-date=26 May 2014|archive-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914160532/http://history1800s.about.com/od/transportation/a/shipchampagne.htm|url-status=dead))</ref> Captain 1st Rank [[Nikolai Vladimirovich Zateyev]] was the first commander of the submarine.<ref name=natgeo/>         [[Vasily Arkhipov (vice admiral)|Vasily Arkhipov]] was the executive officer of the new Hotel-class ballistic missile submarine K-19.

==== Early problems ====

In January 1960, confusion among the crew during a watch change led to improper operation of the reactor and a reactor-control rod was bent. The damage required the reactor to be dismantled for repairs. The officers on duty were removed and Captain Panov was demoted.

The submarine's [[Naval ensign|ensign]] was hoisted for the first time on 12 July 1960. The vessel underwent sea trials from 13 through 17 July 1960 and again from 12 August through 8 November 1960, travelling ((convert|17347|km)). The ship was considered completed on 12 November 1960.<ref name=natgeo/> After surfacing from a full-power run, the crew discovered that most of the hull's rubber coating had detached, and the entire surface of the boat had to be re-coated.

During a test dive to the maximum depth of ((convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on)), flooding was reported in the reactor compartment, and Captain Zateyev ordered the submarine to immediately surface, where the boat heeled over on her port side due to the water she had taken on. It was later determined that during construction the workers had failed to replace a gasket.<ref name=natgeo/> In October 1960, the galley crew disposed of wood from equipment crates through the galley's waste system, clogging it. This led to flooding of the ninth compartment, which filled one third full of water. In December 1960, a loss of coolant was caused by failure of the main circuit pump. Specialists called from Severodvinsk managed to complete repairs at sea within a week.((citation needed|date=April 2018))

The boat was commissioned on 30 April 1961. The submarine had a total of 139 men aboard, including missile men, reactor officers, torpedo men, doctors, cooks, stewards, and several observing officers who were not part of the standard crew.

===Nuclear accident===

On 4 July 1961, under the command of Captain First Rank [[Nikolai Vladimirovich Zateyev]], ''K-19'' was conducting exercises in the [[North Atlantic]] off the south-east coast of [[Greenland]]. At 04:15 local time the pressure in the starboard nuclear reactor's cooling system dropped to zero. The reactor department crew found a major leak in the [[Cooling system (nuclear reactor)|reactor coolant system]], causing the coolant pumps to fail. The boat could not contact Moscow and request assistance because a separate accident had damaged the [[High frequency|long-range]] [[Radio communication system|radio system]]. The [[control rods]] were automatically inserted by the emergency [[SCRAM]] system, but the reactor temperature rose uncontrollably. Decay heat from [[fission product]]s produced during normal operation eventually heated the reactor to ((convert|800|°C)).

Making a drastic decision, Zateyev ordered the engineering section to fabricate a new coolant system by cutting off an air vent valve and welding a water-supply pipe to it. This required men to work in [[radiation|high radiation]] for extended periods. The [[jury-rig]]ged cooling water system successfully reduced the temperature in the reactor.<ref name=bbc/>

The accident released radioactive steam containing fission products that were drawn into the ship's ventilation system and spread to other compartments of the ship. The entire crew was irradiated as was most of the ship and some of the [[ballistic missile]]s on board. All seven members of the engineering crew and their divisional officer died of [[radiation poisoning|radiation exposure]] within the next month. Fifteen more sailors died within the next two years.<ref>((cite web|title=Epilogue: Tragedy Upon Tragedy |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/k19/k19_html_scene10.html |work=K-19: The History |publisher=National Geographic |access-date=May 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218061001/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/k19/k19_html_scene10.html |archive-date=February 18, 2011))</ref>

Instead of continuing on the mission's planned route, the captain decided to head south to meet [[Diesel-electric transmission|diesel-powered]] submarines expected to be there. Worries about a potential crew [[mutiny]] prompted Zateyev to have all small arms thrown overboard except for five pistols distributed to his most trusted officers. A diesel submarine, ((Ship|Russian submarine|S-270||2)), picked up ''K-19''(('))s low-power distress transmissions and joined up with it.

American warships nearby had also heard the transmission and offered to help, but Zateyev, afraid of giving away Soviet military secrets to the West, refused and sailed to meet ''S-270''. He evacuated the crew and had the boat towed to its home base.

Over the next two years, repair crews removed and replaced the damaged reactors. The repair process contaminated the nearby environment, in a zone within ((convert|700|m|ft|abbr=on)), and the repair crew. The Soviet Navy dumped the original radioactive compartment into the [[Kara Sea]].<ref>((cite book |last=Polmar |first=Norman |title= Cold War Submarines. The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines  |year= 2003 |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc |isbn=1-57488-530-8 |page=112))</ref> ''K-19'' returned to the fleet with the nickname "[[Hiroshima]]".<ref name=k19view/>

According to the government's official explanation of the disaster, the repair crews found that the catastrophe had been caused by a faulty welding incident during initial construction. They discovered that during installation of the primary cooling system piping, a welder had failed to cover exposed pipe surfaces with [[asbestos]] drop cloths (required to protect piping systems from accidental exposure to welding sparks), due to the cramped working space. A drop from a [[Electrodes#Welding electrodes|welding electrode]] fell on an unprotected surface, producing an invisible crack. This crack was subject to prolonged and intensive pressure (over ((convert|200|atm|abbr=off|order=out))), compromising the pipe's integrity and finally causing it to fail.<ref name=k19view>((cite web |title=K19 Widowmaker - A Nuclear Accident |url=https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/A-NUCLEAR-ACCIDENT-K19-Widowmaker |access-date=24 February 2015 |work=Awesome Stories))</ref>

Others disputed this conclusion. Retired Rear-Admiral Nikolai Mormul asserted that when the reactor was first started ashore, the construction crew had not attached a pressure gauge to the primary cooling circuit. Before anyone realized there was a problem, the cooling pipes were subjected to a pressure of 400 atmospheres, double the acceptable limit.

On 1 February 2006, former [[President of the Soviet Union]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] proposed in a letter to the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] that the crew of ''((nowrap|K-19))'' be nominated for a [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for their actions on 4 July 1961.<ref>((cite web |url=http://old.lenta.ru/articles/2006/02/01/k19/ |script-title=ru:Оружие: К-19 – достойная награда спустя 45 лет |trans-title=Weapon: K-19 – distinguished award after 45 years |publisher=Old.lenta.ru |date=2003-09-13 |access-date=2011-05-14 |language=ru))</ref>

==== Deceased crew members ====
Several crew members received fatal doses of radiation during repairs on the reserve coolant system of Reactor #8. Eight died between one and three weeks after the accident from severe [[radiation sickness]]. A person who receives a dose of 4 to 5 [[Sievert|Sv]] (about 400–500 [[Röntgen equivalent man|rem]]) over a short period has a 50% chance of dying within 30 days.<ref>((cite web| url = https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/lethal-dose-ld.html| title = United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission "Lethal Dose" definition))</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name
!Rank
!Dose of radiation
!Date of death
!Days survived
|-
|((sortname|Boris|Korchilov))
|((sort|2|Lieutenant))
|((sort|1|54)) [[Sievert|Sv (Sievert)]]<ref>((cite web| url = http://www.radprocalculator.com/FAQ.aspx| title = Convert from Roentgen (R) to rad or from Roentgen (R) to rem?))</ref> = 5400 [[Röntgen equivalent man|rem]]<ref>[http://www.trud.ru/issue/article.php?id=200211212090801 СУБМАРИНА, СБЕРЕГШАЯ МИР] TPYд. 21 November 2002. ((in lang|ru))</ref>
|10 July 1961
|6
|-
|((sortname|Boris|Ryzhikov|nolink=1)) 
|((sort|3|[[Starshina|Chief Starshina]]))
|((sort|7|8.6)) Sv 
|25 July 1961
|21
|-
|((sortname|Yuriy|Ordochkin|nolink=1))
|((sort|4|Starshina, 1st class))
|((sort|2|11)) Sv 
|10 July 1961
|6
|-
|((sortname|Evgeny|Kashenkov|nolink=1))
|((sort|5|Starshina, 2nd class))
|((sort|6|10)) Sv 
|10 July 1961
|6
|-
|((sortname|Semyon|Penkov|nolink=1))
|[[Seaman (rank)|Seaman]] 
|((sort|5|10)) Sv 
|18 July 1961
|14
|-
|((sortname|Nicolai|Savkin|nolink=1))
|Seaman
|((sort|4|11)) Sv 
|13 July 1961
|9
|-
|((sortname|Valery|Charitonov|nolink=1))
|Seaman
|((sort|3|11)) Sv 
|15 July 1961
|11
|-
|((sortname|Yuriy|Povstyev|nolink=1))
|((sort|1|[[Captain Lieutenant]])), <br /> Commander of the division of movement
|((sort|8|7.5)) Sv 
|22 July 1961
|18
|}

Fourteen other crew members died within two years. Many other crew members also received radiation doses exceeding permissible levels.<ref name=bbc/> They underwent medical treatment during the following year. Many others experienced chest pains, numbness, cancer, and [[kidney failure]]. Their treatment was devised by Professor Z. Volynskiy and included [[bone marrow]] transplantation and [[blood transfusion]]. It saved, among others, Chief Lieutenant Mikhail Krasichkov and Captain 3rd class Vladimir Yenin, who had received doses of radiation that were otherwise considered deadly. For reasons of secrecy, the official diagnosis was not "radiation sickness" but "astheno-vegetative syndrome", a mental disorder.<ref>((cite web|last1=Bos |first1=Carole |title=K19 Widowmaker - Secret Heroes |work=Awesome Stories |url=https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/SECRET-HEROES-K19-Widowmaker |access-date=24 February 2015))</ref>

==== Crew members decorated ====
On 6 August 1961, 26 members of the crew were decorated for courage and valor shown during the accident.((citation needed|date=March 2021))

=== Later operational history ===
((more citations needed|section|date=November 2019))
On 14 December 1961, the boat was fully upgraded to the [[Hotel II]] (''658м'') variant, which included upgrading to [[R-21 (missile)|R-21 ]] missiles, which had twice the effective range of the earlier missiles.

==== Collision ====
At 07:13 on 15 November 1969, ''K-19''  collided with the attack submarine ((USS|Gato|SSN-615|6)) in the [[Barents Sea]] at a depth of ((convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on)). She was able to surface using an emergency [[ballast tank|main ballast tank]] blow. The impact completely destroyed the bow [[sonar]] systems and mangled the covers of the forward torpedo tubes. ''K-19'' was able to return to port where the boat was repaired and returned to the fleet. ''Gato'' was relatively undamaged and continued her patrol.<ref>((cite book|last1=Miller|first1=David|title=Submarine disasters|date=2006|publisher=Lyons Press|location=Guilford, Conn.|isbn=978-1592288151|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiTcxFMBHvUC&pg=PA65|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427153720/https://books.google.com/books?id=BiTcxFMBHvUC&pg=PA65|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 27, 2016|access-date=17 July 2015))</ref>

==== Fires ====
On 24 February 1972, a fire broke out while the submarine was at a depth of ((convert|120|m|ft|abbr=on)), some ((convert|1300|km|nmi mi|abbr=on)) from [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], Canada. The boat surfaced and the crew was evacuated to surface warships  except for 12 men trapped in the aft torpedo room. Towing was delayed by a [[gale]], and rescuers could not reach the aft torpedo room because of conditions in the engine room. The fire killed 28 sailors aboard ''K-19'' and two others who died after they were transferred to rescue ships.  Investigators determined that the fire was caused by a [[hydraulic fluid]] leak onto a hot filter.

The rescue operation lasted more than 40 days and involved over 30 ships. From 15 June through 5 November 1972, ''K-19'' was repaired and put back into service.

On 15 November 1972, another fire broke out in compartment 6, but it was put out by the chemical fire-extinguisher system and there were no casualties.

====Reclassification====
On 25 July 1977, ''K-19'' was reclassified in the Large Submarine class, and on 26 July 1979, she was reclassified as a communications submarine and given the symbol KS-19 (КС-19). On 15 August 1982, an electrical short circuit resulted in severe burns to two sailors; one, V. A. Kravchuk, died five days later.

On 28 November 1985, the ship was upgraded to the 658s (658с) variant.

=== Decommissioning and fate ===
On 19 April 1990 the submarine was [[Ship commissioning#Ship decommissioning|decommissioned]], and was transferred in 1994 to the naval repair yard at [[Russian Shipyard Number 10|Polyarny]]. In March 2002, she was towed to the [[Nerpa Shipyard]], [[Snezhnogorsk, Murmansk Oblast|Snezhnogorsk]], [[Murmansk]], to be [[Ship breaking|scrapped]].<ref name=bbc>((cite web |title=Russia scraps 'the Widowmaker' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3136111.stm |access-date=30 May 2018 |date=8 August 2003 |work=BBC News))</ref>

In 2006, a section of ''K-19'' was purchased by [[Vladimir Romanov]], who once served on the submarine as a conscript, with the intention of "Turning it into a Moscow-based meeting place to build links between submarine veterans from Russia and other countries." Many of ''K-19''(('))s survivors objected to the plans.<ref>((cite news |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/tm_objectid=17415564&method=full&siteid=66633&headline=Jambos-chief-Vlad-splashes-out-on-sub--name_page.html |work=The Daily Record |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523125657/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/tm_objectid%3D17415564%26method%3Dfull%26siteid%3D66633%26headline%3DJambos-chief-Vlad-splashes-out-on-sub--name_page.html |title=Jambos chief Vlad splashes out on sub |first=Anthony |last=Haggerty |date=20 July 2006 |archive-date=23 May 2007 |url-status=dead))</ref> In 2023, ''The Athletic'' reported that Romanov had refurbished the submarine to serve as his place of residence in [[Nikolsky (inhabited locality)|Nikul'skaya]]<!--this is an intentional link to a dab page, the article description does not help identify which town it is (there are many)-->, described as a village in northwestern Russia.<ref>((Cite news|last=Hay |first=Phil |title=Inspired by you: Mowgli, tartan shorts and a nuclear submarine – inside Romanov's Hearts |url=https://theathletic.com/4330943/2023/03/27/mowgli-tartan-shorts-and-a-nuclear-submarine-inside-vladimir-romanovs-hearts/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |date=2023-03-26 |website=The Athletic |language=en))</ref>

== Theatre and film ==
In 1969 writer [[Vasily Aksyonov]] wrote a play about the nuclear incident.<ref>"The poet Vasily Aksyonov" thesis of [[Herbert Gantschacher]] for obtaining the academic title "Master of Arts" at the Academy, today University of Music and Performing Arts, Graz, Re / 1653/1988, July 1988</ref>

The movie ''[[K-19: The Widowmaker]]'' (2002), starring [[Harrison Ford]] and [[Liam Neeson]], is based on the story of the ''K-19''(('))s first disaster.<ref>((IMDb title|0267626))</ref> The original crew of the submarine were allowed to read the script and had complaints, which led to several changes in the script.<ref>((Cite web|last=correspondent|first=Alex Rodriguez, the Tribune's Moscow|title=K-19 crew doubts real truth made it to reel|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-08-05-0208050148-story.html|access-date=2021-09-29|website=chicagotribune.com|date=5 August 2002 |language=en-US))</ref> The production company attempted in March 2002 to secure access to the boat as a set for its production, but the Russian Navy declined. The nickname "The Widowmaker" referred to by the movie was fictional. The submarine did not gain a nickname until the nuclear accident on 4 July 1961, when she was called "Hiroshima".<ref name=latimes>((cite news |date=January 3, 1994 |last=Bivens |first=Matt |title=Horror of Soviet Nuclear Sub 61' Tragedy Retold |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-01-03/news/mn-8123_1_soviet-nuclear-submarine |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |access-date=22 September 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130403020056/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-01-03/news/mn-8123_1_soviet-nuclear-submarine |archive-date=2013-04-03))</ref>

==See also==
*[[Andreev Bay nuclear accident]]
*[[Kursk submarine disaster]]
*[[List of military nuclear accidents]]
*[[Soviet submarine K-431]], Chazhma Bay nuclear accident

== References ==
((reflist|30em))

== External links ==
*((cite news|first=Vitaly |last=Bratkov|url=http://english.pravda.ru/news/russia/26-07-2002/47203-0/ |title=K-19, prototype of Hollywood thriller, to be cut up|work= [[Pravda]]|date=July 26, 2002))

((Hotel class submarine))
((1961 shipwrecks))
((1969 shipwrecks))
((1972 shipwrecks))

((DEFAULTSORT:K-019))
[[Category:Hotel-class submarines]]
[[Category:Ships built in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1959 ships]]
[[Category:Cold War submarines of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Russian submarine accidents]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1961]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1969]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1972]]

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Return to Soviet submarine K-19.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-19"