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((short description|Type of disk image file used on macOS that grows in size as the user adds data to the image))
((Refimprove|date=March 2011))
((Infobox file format
| name                   = Sparse Disk Image
| logo                   = 
| icon                   = 
| iconcaption            = 
| screenshot             = 
| caption                = 
| extension              = .sparseimage
| mime                   = 
| type code              = 
| uniform type           = com.apple.disk-image-sparse
| conforms to            = com.apple.disk-image
| magic                  = 
| owner                  = [[Apple Inc.]]
| released               = <!-- ((Start date and age|YYYY|mm|dd|df=yes/no)) -->
| latest release version = 
| latest release date    = <!-- ((Start date and age|YYYY|mm|dd|df=yes/no)) -->
| genre                  = [[disk image]]
| container for          = [[file system]] objects
| contained by           = 
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))
A '''sparse image''' is a type of [[disk image]] file used on  [[macOS]] that grows in size as the user adds data to the image, taking up only as much disk space as stored in it. Encrypted sparse image files are used to secure a user's home directory by the [[FileVault]] feature in Mac OS X Snow Leopard and earlier. Sparse images can be created using [[Disk Utility]].

Unlike a full image file (((mono|.dmg))), which takes up as much actual space as the real disk it represents (regardless of the amount of unused space), a sparse image file (((mono|.sparseimage))) takes up only as much actual disk space as the data contained within, up to a maximum of the capacity assigned during creation.

==Limitations==

Two limitations are therefore worth noting regarding the use of this image file format:
# A customized ".sparseimage" image file can be assigned a larger total capacity than the physical volume (or HD partition) on which it originally resides. While the virtual volume will seem to make that capacity available, attempting to exceed the physical capacity of the underlying volume will result in a disk error: "ran out of space". The ((mono|.sparseimage)) file must first be moved to a larger physical disk or partition.((citation needed|date=January 2013))
# As noted above, while mounted ((mono|.sparseimage)) image files automatically expand to their preassigned limit when data is added, they cannot be arbitrarily resized without the use of [[Disk Utility]], ((mono|hdiutil)), or other such software.<ref>((cite web | url=https://support.apple.com/guide/disk-utility/create-a-disk-image-dskutl11888/mac | title=Create a disk image using Disk Utility on Mac | publisher=Apple | accessdate=August 13, 2020))</ref><ref>((cite web | url=https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man1/hdiutil.1.html | title=hdiutil(1) OS X Manual Page | publisher=Apple | work=Mac Developer Library | accessdate=January 21, 2013))</ref>

== Sparse bundle disk images==
[[Mac OS X Leopard]] introduced the concept of the ''sparse bundle''.<ref>((cite web | url=http://macosx.com/forums/articles/296196-live-filevault-sparse-bundle-backups-leopard.html | title=Live FileVault and Sparse Bundle Backups in Leopard | website=macosx.com | date=November 5, 2007 | accessdate=January 21, 2013 | author=ScottW | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200702/http://macosx.com/forums/articles/296196-live-filevault-sparse-bundle-backups-leopard.html | archivedate=October 29, 2013 ))</ref> Instead of a single big file, a sparse bundle is a [[Bundle (OS X)|bundle]] (directory) containing a number of files called ''bands'', each on the order of 8 MB in size. This means even though to the end user the sparse bundle appears as a single file, it is composed of smaller files. As of Mac OS X 10.8, the bands are 8 MiB (((nowrap|8 × 1024<sup>2</sup> byte))) each. When the content of the image changes, one or more band files is changed, created, or deleted. This allows easier shrinking of the amount of space used on the underlying filesystem when a large amount of data is deleted inside the disk image, as long as the code supporting the filesystem inside the image notifies the kernel of the "releasing" of blocks, as happens in filesystems that support SSD "trim" operations to be triggered automatically for de-allocated filesystem blocks.

Sparse bundle advantages over non-diskimage backup for [[Time Machine (macOS)|Time Machine]]:
* the backup destination no longer needs to be an HFS+/HFSX volume (for the hard links to work and to preserve metadata), but can be any shared folder, on any server, connected using any protocol and using any file system to store the actual files
* the entire sparse bundle is replicable from one location to another; this is particularly useful when upgrading the backup storage and when the on-site backup storage needs to be replicated to an off-site backup storage. A tool such as [[rsync]] may be used to keep one or more disk images consistent across various systems.<ref>((cite web | url=http://www.lbackup.org/synchronizing_disk_images_between_machines | title=Backing up Sparse Bundle Images Over SSH | publisher=LBackup | accessdate=January 21, 2013))</ref>

== References ==
((reflist))

== External links ==
* ((GitHub|torarnv/sparsebundlefs)) - a [[Filesystem in Userspace|FUSE]] filesystem for reading macOS sparse-bundle disk images 

[[Category:MacOS]]
[[Category:Disk images]]


((mac-stub))

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