Mahatma Gandhi spoke truth to power using non-violent tactics

Speaking truth to power is a non-violent political tactic, employed by dissidents against the received wisdom or propaganda of governments they regard as oppressive, authoritarian or an ideocracy. The phrase originated with a pamphlet, Speak Truth to Power: a Quaker Search for an Alternative to Violence, published by the American Friends Service Committee in 1955. Speak Truth To Power is also the title of a global human rights initiative under the auspices of Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights. Practitioners who have campaigned for a more just and truthful world have included Apollonius of Tyana, Vaclav Havel,[1] Nelson Mandela, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Mahatma Gandhi, Bacha Khan, and the Dalai Lama.[2]

History of the concept

In classical Greece, "speaking truth to power" was known as parrhesia. The tactic is similar to satyagraha (literally, "truth-force") which Mahatma Gandhi used in the Indian independence movement to bring an end to the British colonial regime in India.[3]

Historian Clayborne Carson attributes the popularizing of the phrase in America to civil rights organizer and peace activist Bayard Rustin, reporting that he adapted it in the early 1940s from a saying of the Prophet Muhammad.[4][5] Rustin adapted and condensed this concept as part of co-writing the pamphlet Speak Truth to Power: a Quaker Search for an Alternative to Violence, published in 1955.[6]

In 1970, Albert O. Hirschman wrote that subordinates have three options: Exit, Voice, and Loyalty.[7][8] However, according to Michel Foucault, only the courageous may pursue the truth-to-power course, as they risk losing their friends (as Winston Churchill did in the 1930s[9]), their liberty, even their lives (as Liu Xiaobo did[10]).[11]

Noam Chomsky is dismissive of "speaking truth to power". He asserts: "power knows the truth already, and is busy concealing it". It is the oppressed who need to hear the truth, not the oppressors.[12] Chomsky's belief that we must speak 'truth to the powerless' inspired a six-part docuseries on Canadian foreign policy of the same name, released in 2022, in which he also took part.[13]

Examples

Alexander Solzhenitsyn[14] and Andrei Sakharov[15] are among those who suffered for speaking out against the USSR. In 1936, Japanese finance minister Takahashi Korekiyo was assassinated after suggesting that Japan could not afford its planned military buildup.[16] Dietrich Bonhoeffer in Nazi Germany, and Martin Luther King Jr. in the US, were people who lost their lives for speaking truth to power.[17]

Ex-GCHQ employee Katharine Gun was charged under the UK Official Secrets Act 1989 with leaking a request by the United States for compromising intelligence on United Nations delegates prior to the Iraq invasion of 2003. Together with Daniel Ellsberg, Coleen Rowley and Sibel Edmonds, she set up the Truth-telling Coalition to encourage more of their former colleagues to 'tell truth to power'.[18][19]

In education

The reverend Nick Mercer, an assistant chaplain at Sherborne School, believes that human rights and morality should be taught in all schools. Mercer, who gave evidence on mistreatment of detainees in Iraq, once served as a military lawyer.[20]

According to Vaclav Havel, politics should not be ignored because it attracts bad people. It follows that politics requires people of exceptional purity, higher sensitivity, taste, tact and responsibility. "Those who say that politics is disreputable help make it so... Those who claim that politics is a dirty business are lying to us."[21]

Michel Foucault spoke and wrote about power[22] and oppression[23] by examining how "technologies of power and knowledge have, since antiquity, intertwined and developed in concrete and historical frameworks".[24]

Paulo Freire in his seminal work Pedagogy of the Oppressed explains how "oppression has been justified and how it is reproduced through a mutual process between the "oppressor" and the "oppressed" (oppressors–oppressed distinction). Freire admits that the powerless in society can be frightened of freedom. He writes, "Freedom is acquired by conquest, not by gift. It must be pursued constantly and responsibly. Freedom is not an ideal located outside of man; nor is it an idea which becomes myth. It is rather the indispensable condition for the quest for human completion". According to Freire, freedom will be the result of praxis—informed action—when a balance between theory and practice is achieved".[25]

In popular culture

Books

Anita Hill's book Speaking Truth to Power (1998), is a candid autobiography in which Hill reflects on her experience of testifying at the 1991 Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination hearings, gives details on her earlier professional relationship with Clarence Thomas, and explains her motivation for going public with her sexual harassment accusations against Thomas.[26]

Kerry Kennedy's book Speak Truth To Power: Human Rights Defenders Who Are Changing Our World (1st edition 2000), with photographs by Eddie Adams, features interviews with dedicated human rights campaigners including: José Ramos-Horta from East Timor, Dianna Ortiz of Guatemala, Baltasar Garzón of Spain and Desmond Tutu of South Africa.[27]

Films

The story of Sophie Scholl and the White Rose non-violent, intellectual resistance group in the Third Reich has been filmed four times, including Die Weiße Rose (1982),[28] and Sophie Scholl: The Final Days (2005).[29]

Richard Attenborough's film Gandhi (1982) was a worldwide success, despite one Hollywood mogul's opinion that the central character was a "little brown man in a sheet whom nobody wants to see."[30]

More recent films exemplifying speaking truth to power include the biopic Snowden (2016), about the whistleblower Edward Snowden, and Official Secrets (2019), about the story of Katharine Gun.

Television

The phrase "truth to power" is often used in the HBO series The Wire.[31] For example, for a reality check, politician Tommy Carcetti frequently asks his trusted advisor Norman Wilson to speak "truth to power"[32] (e.g., in season 5, episode 1).[33]

See also

References

  1. ^ Havel, Václav; et al. (1985). Keane, John, ed. The Power of the Powerless: Citizens against the state in central-eastern Europe. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-87332-761-6.
  2. ^ Nan Richardson (ed), Kerry Kennedy and Eddie Adams, 'Speak Truth to Power', Umbrage, 2003, introduction.
  3. ^ Galbraith, John Kenneth (1983). The Anatomy of Power. Hamish Hamilton. p. 89.
  4. ^ "The most excellent jihad is when one speaks a true word in the presence of a tyrannical ruler", from the Mishkat al-Masabih.
  5. ^ William E. Phipps, Muhammad and Jesus: A Comparison of the Prophets and Their Teachings, page 157
  6. ^ See Clayborne Carson lecture on African-American Freedom Struggle, 17:30
  7. ^ Corkindale, Gill (21 July 2011). "The Price of (Not) Speaking Truth to Power". Harvard Business Review.
  8. ^ Hirschman, Albert O. (1970). Exit, Voice, and Loyalty.
  9. ^ Baldoni, John (28 June 2017). "Churchill and Orwell; speaking truth to power". Forbes Magazine.
  10. ^ Dorn, James A. (18 July 2017). "What Liu Xiaobo's grisly prison death tells us about free speech in China". Newsweek.
  11. ^ Foucault, Michel (1983). Fearless Speech. pp. 15–16.
  12. ^ Eagleton, Terry (3 April 2006). "The Truth Speakers". New Statesman.
  13. ^ "Truth to the Powerless: An Investigation into Canada's Foreign Policy". www.truthtothepowerless.com.
  14. ^ Anon, 'Speaking Truth to Power', The Economist, 7 August 2008
  15. ^ Serge Schmemann, 'The moral clarity of Andrei Sakharov', Hoover Institution, 7 October 2015
  16. ^ S.C.M.Paine, The Japanese Empire, Cambridge University Press, 2017, p101
  17. ^ James Deotis Roberts, Bonhoeffer and King: Speaking Truth To Power, Westminster John Knox Press, 2005
  18. ^ Martin Bright, 'What happened to the Woman who revealed dirty tricks on the UN Iraq War vote?', The Guardian, 2 March 2013.
  19. ^ Katharine Gun, 'The Truth Must Out', The Guardian, 18 September 2004
  20. ^ Richard Garner, 'Iraq abuse whistleblower Nick Mercer; 'Schools must teach speaking truth to power'.', Independent, 25 December 2014
  21. ^ Timothy Garton Ash, History of the Present, Penguin, 2000, p 162-3
  22. ^ Gutting, Gary; Oksala, Johanna (2019), "Michel Foucault", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 12 January 2021
  23. ^ Deacon, Roger (25 July 2016). "An analytics of power relations: Foucault on the history of discipline". History of the Human Sciences. 15: 89–117. doi:10.1177/0952695102015001074. S2CID 145100804.
  24. ^ Power/knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977
  25. ^ Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum, 2007.
  26. ^ "Speaking Truth to Power". goodreads.com. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  27. ^ "Speak Truth to Power: Human Rights Defenders Who Are Changing Our World". goodreads.com. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  28. ^ Maslin, Janet (6 May 1983). "Film review: Die Weiße Rose". The New York Times.
  29. ^ Holden, Stephen (17 February 2006). "The quiet resolve of a German anti-Nazi martyr". The New York Times.
  30. ^ Chilton, Martin (11 April 2016). "Film review: Gandhi". Daily Telegraph.
  31. ^ Zurawik, David (19 November 2006). "He Must Speak Truth To Power". Baltimore Sun.
  32. ^ Zurawik, David (19 November 2006). "He Must Speak Truth To Power". Baltimore Sun.
  33. ^ Sweeney, Sheamus (August 2013). 'From here to the rest of the world': Crime, class, and labour in David Simon's Baltimore (PDF) (PhD thesis). Dublin City University.

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