Spirograph

Spirograph set (early 1980s UK version)
Inventor(s)	Denys Fisher
Company	Hasbro
Country	United Kingdom
Availability	1965–present
Materials	Plastic
Official website

Spirograph is a geometric drawing device that produces mathematical roulette curves of the variety technically known as hypotrochoids and epitrochoids. The well-known toy version was developed by British engineer Denys Fisher and first sold in 1965.

The name has been a registered trademark of Hasbro Inc. since 1998 following purchase of the company that had acquired the Denys Fisher company. The Spirograph brand was relaunched worldwide in 2013, with its original product configurations, by Kahootz Toys.

History

In 1827, Greek-born English architect and engineer Peter Hubert Desvignes developed and advertised a "Speiragraph", a device to create elaborate spiral drawings. A man named J. Jopling soon claimed to have previously invented similar methods.^[1] When working in Vienna between 1845 and 1848, Desvignes constructed a version of the machine that would help prevent banknote forgeries,^[2] as any of the nearly endless variations of roulette patterns that it could produce were extremely difficult to reverse engineer. The mathematician Bruno Abakanowicz invented a new Spirograph device between 1881 and 1900. It was used for calculating an area delimited by curves.^[3]

Drawing toys based on gears have been around since at least 1908, when The Marvelous Wondergraph was advertised in the Sears catalog.^[4][5] An article describing how to make a Wondergraph drawing machine appeared in the Boys Mechanic publication in 1913.^[6]

The definitive Spirograph toy was developed by the British engineer Denys Fisher between 1962 and 1964 by creating drawing machines with Meccano pieces. Fisher exhibited his spirograph at the 1965 Nuremberg International Toy Fair. It was subsequently produced by his company. US distribution rights were acquired by Kenner, Inc., which introduced it to the United States market in 1966 and promoted it as a creative children's toy. Kenner later introduced Spirotot, Magnetic Spirograph, Spiroman, and various refill sets.^[7]

In 2013 the Spirograph brand was re-launched worldwide, with the original gears and wheels, by Kahootz Toys. The modern products use removable putty in place of pins to hold the stationary pieces in place. The Spirograph was Toy of the Year in 1967, and Toy of the Year finalist, in two categories, in 2014. Kahootz Toys was acquired by PlayMonster LLC in 2019.^[8]

Operation

The original US-released Spirograph consisted of two differently sized plastic rings (or stators), with gear teeth on both the inside and outside of their circumferences. Once either of these rings were held in place (either by pins, with an adhesive, or by hand) any of several provided gearwheels (or rotors)—each having holes for a ballpoint pen—could be spun around the ring to draw geometric shapes. Later, the Super-Spirograph introduced additional shapes such as rings, triangles, and straight bars. All edges of each piece have teeth to engage any other piece; smaller gears fit inside the larger rings, but they also can rotate along the rings' outside edge or even around each other. Gears can be combined in many different arrangements. Sets often included variously colored pens, which could enhance a design by switching colors, as seen in the examples shown here.

Beginners often slip the gears, especially when using the holes near the edge of the larger wheels, resulting in broken or irregular lines. Experienced users may learn to move several pieces in relation to each other (say, the triangle around the ring, with a circle "climbing" from the ring onto the triangle).

Mathematical basis

Consider a fixed outer circle ${\displaystyle C_{o))$ of radius ${\displaystyle R}$ centered at the origin. A smaller inner circle ${\displaystyle C_{i))$ of radius ${\displaystyle r<R}$ is rolling inside ${\displaystyle C_{o))$ and is continuously tangent to it. ${\displaystyle C_{i))$ will be assumed never to slip on ${\displaystyle C_{o))$ (in a real Spirograph, teeth on both circles prevent such slippage). Now assume that a point ${\displaystyle A}$ lying somewhere inside ${\displaystyle C_{i))$ is located a distance ${\displaystyle \rho <r}$ from ${\displaystyle C_{i))$'s center. This point ${\displaystyle A}$ corresponds to the pen-hole in the inner disk of a real Spirograph. Without loss of generality it can be assumed that at the initial moment the point ${\displaystyle A}$ was on the ${\displaystyle X}$ axis. In order to find the trajectory created by a Spirograph, follow point ${\displaystyle A}$ as the inner circle is set in motion.

Now mark two points ${\displaystyle T}$ on ${\displaystyle C_{o))$ and ${\displaystyle B}$ on ${\displaystyle C_{i))$. The point ${\displaystyle T}$ always indicates the location where the two circles are tangent. Point ${\displaystyle B}$, however, will travel on ${\displaystyle C_{i))$, and its initial location coincides with ${\displaystyle T}$. After setting ${\displaystyle C_{i))$ in motion counterclockwise around ${\displaystyle C_{o))$, ${\displaystyle C_{i))$ has a clockwise rotation with respect to its center. The distance that point ${\displaystyle B}$ traverses on ${\displaystyle C_{i))$ is the same as that traversed by the tangent point ${\displaystyle T}$ on ${\displaystyle C_{o))$, due to the absence of slipping.

Now define the new (relative) system of coordinates ${\displaystyle (X',Y')}$ with its origin at the center of ${\displaystyle C_{i))$ and its axes parallel to ${\displaystyle X}$ and ${\displaystyle Y}$. Let the parameter ${\displaystyle t}$ be the angle by which the tangent point ${\displaystyle T}$ rotates on ${\displaystyle C_{o))$, and ${\displaystyle t'}$ be the angle by which ${\displaystyle C_{i))$ rotates (i.e. by which ${\displaystyle B}$ travels) in the relative system of coordinates. Because there is no slipping, the distances traveled by ${\displaystyle B}$ and ${\displaystyle T}$ along their respective circles must be the same, therefore

${\displaystyle tR=(t-t')r,}$

or equivalently,

${\displaystyle t'=-{\frac {R-r}{r))t.}$

It is common to assume that a counterclockwise motion corresponds to a positive change of angle and a clockwise one to a negative change of angle. A minus sign in the above formula (${\displaystyle t'<0}$) accommodates this convention.

Let ${\displaystyle (x_{c},y_{c})}$ be the coordinates of the center of ${\displaystyle C_{i))$ in the absolute system of coordinates. Then ${\displaystyle R-r}$ represents the radius of the trajectory of the center of ${\displaystyle C_{i))$, which (again in the absolute system) undergoes circular motion thus:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x_{c}&=(R-r)\cos t,\\y_{c}&=(R-r)\sin t.\end{aligned))}$

As defined above, ${\displaystyle t'}$ is the angle of rotation in the new relative system. Because point ${\displaystyle A}$ obeys the usual law of circular motion, its coordinates in the new relative coordinate system ${\displaystyle (x',y')}$ are

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x'&=\rho \cos t',\\y'&=\rho \sin t'.\end{aligned))}$

In order to obtain the trajectory of ${\displaystyle A}$ in the absolute (old) system of coordinates, add these two motions:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=x_{c}+x'=(R-r)\cos t+\rho \cos t',\\y&=y_{c}+y'=(R-r)\sin t+\rho \sin t',\\\end{aligned))}$

where ${\displaystyle \rho }$ is defined above.

Now, use the relation between ${\displaystyle t}$ and ${\displaystyle t'}$ as derived above to obtain equations describing the trajectory of point ${\displaystyle A}$ in terms of a single parameter ${\displaystyle t}$:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=x_{c}+x'=(R-r)\cos t+\rho \cos {\frac {R-r}{r))t,\\y&=y_{c}+y'=(R-r)\sin t-\rho \sin {\frac {R-r}{r))t\\\end{aligned))}$

(using the fact that function ${\displaystyle \sin }$ is odd).

It is convenient to represent the equation above in terms of the radius ${\displaystyle R}$ of ${\displaystyle C_{o))$ and dimensionless parameters describing the structure of the Spirograph. Namely, let

${\displaystyle l={\frac {\rho }{r))}$

and

${\displaystyle k={\frac {r}{R)).}$

The parameter ${\displaystyle 0\leq l\leq 1}$ represents how far the point ${\displaystyle A}$ is located from the center of ${\displaystyle C_{i))$. At the same time, ${\displaystyle 0\leq k\leq 1}$ represents how big the inner circle ${\displaystyle C_{i))$ is with respect to the outer one ${\displaystyle C_{o))$.

It is now observed that

${\displaystyle {\frac {\rho }{R))=lk,}$

and therefore the trajectory equations take the form

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x(t)&=R\left[(1-k)\cos t+lk\cos {\frac {1-k}{k))t\right],\\y(t)&=R\left[(1-k)\sin t-lk\sin {\frac {1-k}{k))t\right].\\\end{aligned))}$

Parameter ${\displaystyle R}$ is a scaling parameter and does not affect the structure of the Spirograph. Different values of ${\displaystyle R}$ would yield similar Spirograph drawings.

The two extreme cases ${\displaystyle k=0}$ and ${\displaystyle k=1}$ result in degenerate trajectories of the Spirograph. In the first extreme case, when ${\displaystyle k=0}$, we have a simple circle of radius ${\displaystyle R}$, corresponding to the case where ${\displaystyle C_{i))$ has been shrunk into a point. (Division by ${\displaystyle k=0}$ in the formula is not a problem, since both ${\displaystyle \sin }$ and ${\displaystyle \cos }$ are bounded functions.)

The other extreme case ${\displaystyle k=1}$ corresponds to the inner circle ${\displaystyle C_{i))$'s radius ${\displaystyle r}$ matching the radius ${\displaystyle R}$ of the outer circle ${\displaystyle C_{o))$, i.e. ${\displaystyle r=R}$. In this case the trajectory is a single point. Intuitively, ${\displaystyle C_{i))$ is too large to roll inside the same-sized ${\displaystyle C_{o))$ without slipping.

If ${\displaystyle l=1}$, then the point ${\displaystyle A}$ is on the circumference of ${\displaystyle C_{i))$. In this case the trajectories are called hypocycloids and the equations above reduce to those for a hypocycloid.