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((Short description|Law and regulations that relate to Sports))
((For|rules of sports, also called "laws"|Laws of the Game (disambiguation)((!))Laws of the Game))
((more citations needed|date=June 2016))
'''Sports law in the United States''' overlaps substantially with [[labor law]], [[contract law]], competition or [[antitrust law]], and [[tort law]]. Issues like defamation and [[Privacy|privacy rights]] are also integral aspects of sports law. This area of law was established as a separate and important entity only a few decades ago, coinciding with the rise of player-agents and increased media scrutiny of sports law topics.

==Amateur sports law==
Membership is voluntary. The [[NCAA]] operates along a series of bylaws that govern the areas of ethical conduct, amateur eligibility, financial aid, recruiting, [[Gender equality|gender equity]], championship events, and academic standards. The [[NCAA]] has enforcement power and can introduce a series of punishments up to the death penalty, the company term for the full shut-down of a sporting activity at an offending college. Coaches are offered contracts and if any contractual agreement is violated NCAA has the right to hold any person(s) under the contract liable.<ref>((cite web|url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/louisianastate/docDetail.action?docID=10529927|title=myLSU - Single Sign On|website=site.ebrary.com))</ref>

[[Title IX]] is an increasingly important issue in [[College athletics|college sports]] law.<ref>((cite book|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/book/15701|title=Sports Justice: The Law and the Business of Sports|first1=Roger I.|last1=Abrams|last2=A01|date=22 May 2018|publisher=Northeastern University Press|isbn=9781555537357|via=Project MUSE))</ref> The act, passed in 1972, makes it illegal for a federally funded institution to discriminate on the basis of [[sex or gender]]. In sports law, the piece of legislation often refers to the effort to achieve equality for women's sports in colleges. The [[Office of Civil Rights]] (OCR) is charged with enforcing this legislation. This agency implemented a three-prong test for schools to adhere to:

*Are the opportunities for female and male athletes proportionate to their enrollment?
*Does the school have a history of expanding athletic opportunities for women?
*Has the school demonstrated success in meeting the needs of its students?

In 1995 the Gender in Equity Disclosure Act was passed to require schools to make an annual, public report on male-female athletic participation rates, recruiting by gender, and financial support. The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in ''Brown University v. Cohen'', is an important aspect of litigation for women sports.

A critical piece of federal legislation, the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 guarantees certain due process rights including hearings and appeals for U.S. athletes under the governance of the USOC and its NGBs.

==Labor issues in sports==
In 1967, the [[National Labor Relations Board]] accepted that players have the right to form unions or players' associations. It is now common for [[Professional sports|professional athletes]] to organize into associations or unions in order to negotiate [[collective bargaining agreements]]' (CBAs) with their sport's owners. Under federal labor law, players and owners must negotiate mandatory issues, those relating to hours, wages, and working conditions, in good faith. All other issues are deemed "permissive," and do not have to be negotiated. Once a CBA is in place, players agree not to strike and owners promise not to lock out players. By way of example, the 2005 [[National Hockey League]] season was cancelled because of an owners' lockout after the parties' CBA had expired. In 1994, [[Major League Baseball]] lost half its season and the playoffs because ballplayers went on strike over the issue of a [[salary cap]]. Historically, the most controversial issues subject to CBA negotiation are [[Free agent|free agency]], [[Minimum wage|minimum salary]], squad size, draft, salary cap, grounds for termination, and suspension.

In nearly all professional sports, the issue of limits on the use of [[performance-enhancing drugs]] has become an integral aspect of CBA negotiations. Drug policies are not uniform for all professional sports. Typically, each CBA explains the policy regarding drug testing, list of [[Doping (sport)|banned drugs]], violations, penalties, privacy issues, and rights of appeal. Drug violations may lead to suspensions and loss of salary. The [[BALCO]] controversy involving high-profile professional athletes and coaches highlights the allegedly widespread use of performance-enhancing drugs in different sports.

[[Sports agent]]s are generally certified by each sport's players' association. Once certified, agents or contract advisors may negotiate individual player contracts. Agents who are entrusted to conduct business on a player's behalf owe a [[Fiduciary|fiduciary duty]], i.e., a duty to remain loyal, act honestly, behave ethically, and act in the player's best interest when negotiating. More than half the states in the United States currently regulate the activities of agents in addition to union regulation for bad acts. Super agents like baseball's [[Scott Boras]] and football's [[Drew Rosenhaus]] are frequently the subject of media profiles.

The first body to assist agents in learning the ins and outs of contract negotiations, endorsements and media relations was the Association for Representatives of Athletes (ARPA). The co-founders and leaders of ARPA, since absorbed into the [[National Football League Players Association|NFL Players Association]], were Professor William Weston of  the [[University of Baltimore Law School]] and Professor Michael E. Jones of the [[University of Massachusetts Lowell]]. The late Bob Woolf is acknowledged((By whom|date=February 2010)) as being one of the first agents for assisting [[Boston Red Sox]] pitcher [[Earl Wilson (baseball)|Earl Wilson]] to negotiate his player contract.

==Antitrust issues in sports==
((See also|Fraser v. Major League Soccer))
Until a few decades ago,((when|date=October 2017)) most United States professional sports leagues' contracts retained clauses contracts that essentially prevented players from leaving their original teams by their own choice.<ref>((Cite web|title=baseball - The minor leagues|url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/baseball|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en))</ref> These "reserve clauses" were upheld because courts found that these sports leagues did not operate in interstate trade or commerce, meaning they did not fall under [[Competition law|antitrust laws]].<ref>((Cite journal|last=ALITO, JR.|first=SAMUEL A.|date=July 2009|title=The Origin of the Baseball Antitrust Exemption:Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore, Inc. v. National League of Professional Baseball Clubs|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5818.2009.01208.x|journal=Journal of Supreme Court History|volume=34|issue=2|pages=183–195|doi=10.1111/j.1540-5818.2009.01208.x|s2cid=247668532 |issn=1059-4329))</ref> See ''[[Federal Baseball Club v. National League]]'' (1922).  This interpretation has largely been eroded today. However, [[Major League Baseball]] may still retain limited antitrust exemptions (it is unclear whether the entire exemption has been overruled by Flood Act because the true extent of the exemption was vague). It is important to note that the formation of players unions for the purpose of negotiating contracts with management is exempt from antitrust scrutiny under labor law. The [[by-product]] of good faith negotiations between management and players unions in the form of a CBA is also exempt from antitrust scrutiny.

Antitrust challenges have recently taken the form of other domestic leagues challenging [[Major League Soccer]] and the [[United States Soccer Federation]]. This occurred in 2017, when the North American Soccer League (NASL) filed a lawsuit against United States Soccer Federation (USSF) following USSF's modification of its divisional requirements and its decision not to renew NASL's status as Division 2 for the 2018 year.<ref>((Cite web|last=Fielkow|first=Justin|date=April 26, 2018|title=US Soccer Federation Scores Big Win In Antitrust Lawsuit|url=https://charlesfranklinlaw.com/2018/04/599/|access-date=October 13, 2021|website=Franklin Law Group))</ref>  NASL’s antitrust case was based on MLS’s single-entity structure and lack of promotion and relegation, something MLS receives an exemption from FIFA for doing.<ref>((Cite web|date=February 23, 2018|title=North American Soccer League, LLC v. United States Soccer Federation, Inc., No. 17-3585 (2d Cir. 2018)|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca2/17-3585/17-3585-2018-02-23.html|access-date=November 4, 2021|website=Justia))</ref> This was the first time a challenge to single-entity, closed-shop structure was brought by a lower league.<ref>((Cite web|title=NASL Loses Again in Bid for Preliminary Injunction in Antitrust Case|url=https://sportslitigationalert.com/nasl-loses-again-in-bid-for-preliminary-injunction-in-antitrust-case/|website=Sports Litigation Alert))</ref> NASL sought preliminary injunction against USSF imposing the new requirements, but was denied again on appeal.<ref>((Cite web|last=Carlisle|first=Jeff|date=January 3, 2019|title=New York court dismisses NASL lawsuit against 15 USSF members|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/united-states/story/3742131/new-york-court-dismisses-nasl-lawsuit-against-15-ussf-members|access-date=October 13, 2021))</ref> While preliminary injunction was denied, the case remains pending and may go trial.<ref>((Cite web|last=Litan|first=Robert|date=September 24, 2019|title=Possible outcomes from the NASL's antitrust lawsuit against US Soccer|url=https://theathletic.com/1234611/2019/09/24/possible-outcomes-from-the-nasls-antitrust-lawsuit-against-us-soccer/|access-date=October 13, 2021|website=The Athletic))</ref>

In July 2021, a New York court found no violation of antitrust laws when FIFA and USSF set standards blocking foreign clubs from hosting competitive matches in the United States.<ref>((Cite news|last=Stempel|first=Jonathan|date=July 20, 2021|title=FIFA, U.S. Soccer win dismissal of promoter's antitrust lawsuit in New York|newspaper=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/fifa-us-soccer-win-dismissal-promoters-antitrust-lawsuit-new-york-2021-07-20/|access-date=October 13, 2021))</ref> Friendly and exhibition matches commonly take place in the United States.

==Tort law issues==
Until recently, [[tort]]s were never part of the landscape of sports law. A tort can be defined as an actionable wrong <ref>((Cite book|title = Sports Law [microform] : Tort Liability of the College and University Athletic Department Administrator|last = chester|first = nolte|publisher = ERIC clearinghouse|year = 1979|location = Washington D.C.|pages = 1–2))</ref> However, in 1975 an Illinois appeals court established that players can be found guilty of negligence if their actions are "deliberate, willful or with a [[Recklessness (law)|reckless disregard]] for the safety of another player so as cause injury to that player." See ''Nabozny v. Barnhill''.  Negligence torts are typically harder to prove in [[contact sport]]s, where violent actions and injuries are more common and thus more expected ("assumption of risk" or "self-defense"). Spectators can also sue for negligence if their injuries could not have been expected (not "foreseeable") given the nature of the sporting event they were attending. A baseball fan sitting in the bleachers could reasonably expect a baseball might come toward the seat, but a wrestling fan sitting courtside would not reasonably expect a wrestler to come flying his or her way.

Sports' tort law extends into other less obvious areas. Team doctors could be liable for medical malpractice, a form of negligence, for giving a player a false clean bill of health so the player may continue to perform. A player who purposefully causes [[bodily harm]] to another athlete, coach, or spectator may be guilty of committing an intentional tort along with a criminal act of [[assault]] and [[Battery (crime)|battery]].<ref>R v Tevaga [1990] 1 NZLR 296</ref> The law of defamation protects a person's good character or reputation. The publication of false information about a well-known athlete ("public figure") may be actionable if it was published with a reckless disregard for the truth or [[actual malice]]. The growth of non-traditional media outlets, e.g. web pages, [[instant messaging]], cable, etc. has added a new dynamic to this area of the law.

In recent years, the topic of [[concussion]]s in the [[National Football League]] has come to the spotlight. Numerous agents, doctors, players, and their families have spoken out about the impact that repeated concussions have had on their [loved one's] life. In 2011, over 4,500 former NFL players "filed a class-action lawsuit against the NFL"<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/10/nfl-ratings-just-fell-off-a-cliff-why/503666/|title=NFL Ratings Just Fell Off a Cliff: Why?|last=Thompson|first=Derek|date=2016-10-11|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-13))</ref> in support of allegations that the NFL has downplayed or ignored an unfortunate truth: that NFL players are more at risk of [[Chronic traumatic encephalopathy|Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy]] (CTE) and other forms of brain trauma. In fact, a recent study conducted by [[Boston University|Boston University's]] school of medicine claimed that 99% of the "brains obtained from the NFL" tested positive for CTE.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2017/cte-former-nfl-players/|title=BU Researchers Find CTE in 99% of Former NFL Players Studied|website=Boston University|date=26 July 2017 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-13))</ref> The lawsuit filed against the NFL displays the [[assumption of risk]] defense in the law of torts. The NFL uses this doctrine as a defense, stating that the [[plaintiff]] (players) knew the risks of their job prior to when the injuries occurred. This doctrine is countered by the [[Prosecutor|prosecution]] who claim the NFL had the [[duty to warn]], stating that the NFL did not fulfill their duty to warn their players of the full risks associated with playing. This lawsuit was settled in 2015. The NFL was forced to donate $1 billion towards educational programs, payments to retired players, and in-game safety precautions.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2018/10/23/nfl-players-family-members-settlement/1736602002/|title=NFL players with brain trauma receive notice of settlements stripped to nothing|last=Garcia-Roberts|first=Brett Murphy and Gus|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-13))</ref>

Closely related to the subject of torts in some ways, is the area of publicity rights. While the tort of defamation protects a person's reputation, the [[Personality rights|right of publicity]] permits a person to commercially exploit his or her likeness, name, and image. This area of sports law includes trademarks, trade-names, domain names, and copyrights.

==Academic aspects of sports law==
((third-party|section|date=June 2016))
* [[Arizona State University]]'s [[Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law]] located in Downtown [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] has one of the most highly respected and innovative sports law programs in the nation.<ref>((Cite web|title=ASU unveils innovative sports law programs ((!)) Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law|url=https://law.asu.edu/content/asu-unveils-innovative-sports-law-programs-0|access-date=2021-04-02|website=law.asu.edu))</ref> The home of the [[Bud Selig|Allan "Bud" Selig]] Sports Law and Business program which offers a plethora of opportunities to enroll in sports law courses ranging from Negotiations and ADR in Sports to [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] Compliance, Infractions, and Enforcement to Pro Team Sports Legal Operations and everything in between.<ref>((Cite web|title=Allan Bud Selig Sports Law and Business ((!)) Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law|url=https://law.asu.edu/degree-programs/mslb|access-date=2021-04-02|website=law.asu.edu))</ref> ASU Law students can enroll in the dual-degree program to earn both a Juris Doctor and Masters of Sports Law and Business in only seven (7) semesters.<ref>((Cite web|title=Allan Bud Selig Sports Law and Business ((!)) Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law|url=https://law.asu.edu/degree-programs/mslb|access-date=2021-04-02|website=law.asu.edu))</ref> ASU has their own student-run [[Law review|journal]] ''Arizona State Sports and Entertainment Law Journal'' which is one of the most cited publications in all of sports law.<ref>((Cite web|title=Arizona State Sports and Entertainment Law Journal (SELJ) ((!)) Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law|url=https://law.asu.edu/student-life/organizations/selj|access-date=2021-04-02|website=law.asu.edu))</ref>
*[[Marquette University Law School]] offers a sports law program.<ref>https://law.marquette.edu/assets/marquette-lawyers/pdf/marquette-lawyer/2011-fall/2011-fall-p14.pdf ((Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022))</ref> The program provides students with the opportunity to earn a Sports Law Certificate from its National Sports Law Institute, and publishes the Marquette Sports Law Review.<ref>((Cite web |url=https://law.marquette.edu/national-sports-law-institute/sports-law-certificate |title=Sports Law Certificate &#124; Marquette University Law School |access-date=2013-03-28 |archive-date=2013-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305150541/https://law.marquette.edu/national-sports-law-institute/sports-law-certificate |url-status=dead ))</ref><ref name=":0">((cite web|url=https://law.marquette.edu/national-sports-law-institute/welcome|title=National Sports Law Institute - Marquette University Law School|website=law.marquette.edu))</ref><ref>((Cite journal|url = http://law.marquette.edu/cgi-bin/site.pl?2130&pageID=190|title = marquette sports law review|last = anderson|first = paul|date = Spring 2015|journal = Marquette Sports Law Review|access-date = 2015-10-26))</ref> The NSLI is one of the leading national educational and research institutes for the study of legal, ethical, and business issues affecting amateur and professional sports.((citation needed|date=June 2016)) Marquette's Sports Law Program and the NSLI combine to host an annual sports law conference, guest speakers, and other events, as well as sponsor student internships with several sports organizations in the greater Milwaukee area.<ref name=":1">[https://law.marquette.edu/programs-degrees/sports-law Sports Law] Marquette University Law School</ref>
*The [[Tulane University Law School]] offers a certificate in sports law and runs the ''[[Sports Lawyers Journal]]'', a student-run law journal funded by the Sports Lawyers Association.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.law.tulane.edu/tlsjournals/slj/index.aspx?id=3822&ekmensel=c580fa7b_144_0_3822_1|title=Tulane Law School - The Sports Lawyers Journal|website=www.law.tulane.edu))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.law.tulane.edu/tlsAcademicPrograms/index.aspx?id=3566|title=Tulane Law School Academics|website=www.law.tulane.edu))</ref> Tulane also hosts two nationally renowned sports law competitions, the Tulane National Baseball Arbitration Competition and the Tulane Pro Football Negotiation Competition.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.law.tulane.edu/tlsOrgs/sportslaw/index.aspx?id=11368|title=Tulane Sports Law Society|website=www.law.tulane.edu))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.law.tulane.edu/tlsOrgs/sportslaw/index.aspx?id=19289|title=Tulane Law School &#124;))</ref>
*[[Villanova University School of Law|Villanova University School of Law's]] Jeffrey S. Moorad Center is one of the premier sports law programs in the country.((citation needed|date=June 2016)) The Center aims to be a thought leader not only in sports law but also in topical issues and the changing dynamics in sports news, sports business, sports media, and sports policy.((citation needed|date=June 2016)) The Center takes students, alumni, and patrons to broader issues that lead to discourse and provide thoughtful and experienced analysis.<ref>[http://lawweb2009.law.villanova.edu/sportslaw/?page_id=87 Mission] The Jeffrey S. Moorad</ref> Villanova School of Law also boasts the [[biannual]] Jeffrey S. Moorad Sports Law Journal, which publishes scholarly articles on topics in the field of sports law.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/law/academics/focusareas/sportsandentlawpractice.html|title=Sports & Entertainment Law Practice - Villanova University|website=www1.villanova.edu))</ref>

==Outside the United States==
International amateur sports are run by a variety of organizations. The [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) is made up of each country's Olympic Committee, which in turn recognizes a national governing body (NGB) for each Olympic related sport. The United States Olympic Committee (USOC) is the national governing body for all U.S. athletes in the Olympic and [[Pan American Games|Pan-American Games]]. The IOC is the international governing body for the summer and [[winter Olympic Games]].

Labor issues are not unique to United States law. The [[European Union]] has dealt with countless sports-related legal issues. The most important development in this area was the [[Bosman ruling]], in which the [[European Court of Justice]] invalidated restrictions imposed by EU member countries and [[UEFA]] (the governing body for [[association football|football]] within Europe) on foreign EU nationals. Bosman was extended to countries with associate trading relationships with the EU by the [[Kolpak ruling]]. The [[6+5 rule]] was a proposed rule by [[FIFA]] that sought to limit the effects of Bosman and its offshoots on football clubs; it sparked considerable legal controversy in Europe and was abandoned in 2010.

The subject of [[drug test]]ing, especially in international sports like cycling and [[track and field]], is under the jurisdiction of each sport's NGB and international federation, the USOC, the IOC, and the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]]. The final arbitrator in resolving drug related disputes is the [[Court of Arbitration for Sports]].

'''Australia'''

The capacity for the law of assault to intervene in contact sports is limited by the athlete's willing participation. By engaging in a sport, participants are held to accepted the inherent risks of such an activity as applied in ''Rootes v Shelton''.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1967/39.html|title=(1967) 116 CLR 383, 385.))</ref>

However, questions of legality arise where the conduct was deliberate as was the case in ''McCracken v Melbourne Storm & Orcs,'' where Melbourne Storm players sought to intentionally injure McCracken during play.<ref>McCracken v Melbourne Storm & Ors [2005] NSWSC 107; see also Canterbury Bankstown Rugby League Football Club Ltd v Rogers; Bugden v Rogers [1993] NSWCA 49</ref> Similarly, issues also arise where conduct can be characterised to fall "outside the scope of the Plaintiff's consent to degree of physical contact during the game",<ref>''Sibley v Milutinovic'' [1990] ACTC 6</ref> thus invoking compensation.

==See also==
* [[Jock tax]]

==References==
((Reflist))
((More footnotes|date=August 2009))
#Champion, Walter, Sports Law. 2nd edition, St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co. 2000. ((ISBN|0314238891))
#Dudley, William, Drugs and Sports. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 2001. ((ISBN|1565106970))
#Epstein, Adam, Sports Law. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Press, 2003. ((ISBN|0766823245))
# Jones, Michael. Sports Law. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1999. ((ISBN|0136765459))
#Jones, Michael. Rules of the Game: Sports Law, Rowman & Littlefield, 2016. ((ISBN|978-1-4422-5806-8))
#Weiler, Paul and Roberts, Gary. Sports and the Law. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, 1993. ((ISBN|0-314-02162-0))
# Wong, Glenn. Essentials of Amateur Sports Law. Westport, CN: Praeger, 1994.
#Yasser, Raymond, et al. Sports Law: Cases and Materials, 5th edition, Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co., 2003 ((ISBN|1583607994))

==Further reading==

*((cite book  | last = Gardiner | first = Simon
 | title = Sports Law|edition= 3rd
 | date = 2005-12-13  | publisher = Routledge-Cavendish| location=London| isbn = 978-1-85941-894-9 |display-authors=etal))
*((cite book|last=Panagiotopoulos|first=Dimitrios|title=Sports Law Lex Sportiva & Lex Olympica|year=2011|publisher=Sakoulas|location=Athens|isbn=978-960-15-2486-3|pages=740))
*((cite book|last= S. Prathyusha (edited)|title=Sports Law: Theory and Practices|year=2022|publisher=ICFAI Law School|location=Hyderabad, India|isbn=978-93-92347-07-8))

==External links==
* [https://www.sportslegalforms.com Sports related legal forms.]
* [http://www.tas-cas.org/ Court of Arbitration for Sport]
* [http://www.sportslaw.nl/index.htm ASSER International Sports Law Centre]
* [http://www.vermontlaw.edu/Academics/Focused_Studies/Sports_Law_Institute.htm Sports Law Institute at Vermont Law School] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430132731/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/Academics/Focused_Studies/Sports_Law_Institute.htm |date=2014-04-30 ))
* [http://www.aspeweb.com/vsite/vtrial/page/home/0,11065,5151-176858-194076-39408-261619-custom-item,00.html International Academy of Sportslaw Practitioners and Executives]
* [http://iasl.org/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=14 International Association of Sports Law]
* [http://www.britishsportslaw.org/default.asp British Association for Sport and the Law] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071147/http://www.britishsportslaw.org/default.asp |date=2016-03-04 ))
* [http://www.britishsportslaw.org/journal/default.asp?item=12 Sport and the Law Journal] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072815/http://www.britishsportslaw.org/journal/default.asp?item=12 |date=2016-03-04 ))
* [http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/eslj Entertainment and Sports Law Journal]
* [http://www.abanet.org/forums/entsports/ American Bar Association - Forum on the Entertainment and Sports Industries]
* [http://law.marquette.edu/cgi-bin/site.pl?2130&pageID=190 Marquette Sports Law Review]
* [http://www.dd-el.com Derecho Deportivo en Línea]
*  http://www.the-aasl.org/en/index.php  Asian Association of Sports Law
* [http://www.lawinsport.com/ LawinSport - The International Sports Law Publication]
* [http://www.sportsnlaw.com/ SportsNLaw - Sports News Through A Legal Lens]

((Sports in the United States))
((Law of the United States))
((Law))

((DEFAULTSORT:Sports Law))
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[[Category:Law of the United States]]
[[Category:Sports in the United States|law]]

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States"