Spriggina Temporal range: Late Ediacaran, 555 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Fossil of S. floundersi. Scale in millimetres
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	†Proarticulata
Class:	†Cephalozoa
Family:	†Sprigginidae
Genus:	†Spriggina Glaessner, 1958[1]
Species:	†S. floundersi
Binomial name
†Spriggina floundersi Glaessner, 1958

Spriggina is a genus of early bilaterian animals whose relationship to living animals is unclear. Fossils of Spriggina are known from the late Ediacaran period in what is now South Australia. Spriggina floundersi is the official fossil emblem of South Australia;^[2] it has been found nowhere else.

The organism reached 3–5 centimetres (1.2–2.0 in) in length and may have been predatory. Its bottom was covered with two rows of tough interlocking plates, while one row covered its top; its front few segments fused to form a "head."^{[citation needed]}

The affinity of Spriggina is unknown; it has been variously classified as an annelid worm, a rangeomorph-like frond, a variant of Charniodiscus, a proarticulatan, an arthropod (perhaps related to the trilobites), or even an extinct phylum. The lack of known segmented legs or limbs, coupled with the presence of glide reflection instead of symmetric segments, suggests that an arthropod classification is unlikely despite some superficial resemblance.^[3]

The genus Spriggina originally contained three different species—S. floundersi, S. ovata, and S. borealis—but S. ovata is now considered a junior synonym of Marywadea ovata,^[4][5] while the phylogenetic status of S. borealis remains^{[as of?]} a subject of debate.^[5]

Description

Spriggina grew to 3–5 centimetres (1.2–2.0 in) in length and was approximately oblong. The organism was segmented, with no fused segments; the segments were sometimes curved.^[6] The upper surface of the organism was covered by one row of overlapping cuticular plates, the underside with paired plates.^[6]

The first two segments formed a "head". The front segment had the shape of a horseshoe with a pair of depressions on its upper surface; these may have represented eyes.^[6] The second segment may have borne antennae. Subsequent segments bore annulations.^[6]

Some fossils have what may be a circular mouth at the centre of the semicircular head, although interpretation is hampered by the small size of the creature relative to the large grains of sandstones in which it is preserved.^[6] Legs are not preserved.

The symmetry observed is not exactly bilaterian^[6] but appears to be a glide reflection, where opposite segments are shifted by half an interval.^[3] In some specimens the body segments tilt backwards, making roughly chevron patterns; while in others they are more or less straight. There appear to be fairly complex variations between these two extremes.^{[citation needed]}

Discovery and naming

The genus was named after Reg Sprigg who discovered the fossils of the Ediacara Hills—part of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia—and was a proponent of their recognition as multicellular organisms.^[1] Spriggina floundersi is at present the only generally accepted species in this genus. The specific name "floundersi" refers to amateur South Australian fossil hunter Ben Flounders.^[7] Spriggina ovata has now been moved into its own genus, Marywadea.^[8]

Spriggina is known only from beds of Ediacaran age. Fossils from the Vindhyan basin, reliably dated to around 1,650 million years old,^[9] have been classified as Spriggina,^[10] but in all likelihood represent microbial artifacts.^[9]

Spriggina possessed a tough, though uncalcified body, evident from the fossils' preservation: always as a mould in the lower surface of the fossiliferous bed.

Classification

Like many of the Ediacara biota, the relationship of Spriggina to other groups is unclear. It bears some similarity to the living polychaete worm Tomopteris and Amphinomidae,^[11] but its lack of chaetae, along with other lines of evidence, suggests that it cannot be placed in this phylum.^[12] It was also compared to the rangeomorphs,^[13] frondose members of the Ediacara biota that may represent a separate kingdom.^[14] While its glide symmetry may suggest otherwise, Spriggina is considered by some other researchers to be an arthropod; its superficial resemblance to the trilobites may suggest a close relationship to this class.^[13] This similarity to trilobites could also be an example of convergent evolution.^[15] Spriggina may have been predatory, and may have played a role in initiating the Cambrian transition.^[16]