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((Short description|1976 American natural horror film directed by Jeff Lieberman))
((Featured article))
((Infobox film
| name           = Squirm
| image          = Squirmposter.jpg
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| alt            = Theatrical poster
| producer       = George Manasse
| director       = [[Jeff Lieberman]]
| writer         = Jeff Lieberman
| starring       = ((plainlist |
* [[Don Scardino]]
* [[Patricia Pearcy]]
* R. A. Dow
* Fran Higgins
* Peter MacLean
* [[Jean Sullivan]]
))
| music          = [[Robert Prince (composer)|Robert Prince]]
| cinematography = Joseph Mangine
| editing        = Brian Smedley-Aston
| studio         = The Squirm Company<ref name=AFI/>
| distributor    = [[American International Pictures]]
| released       = ((Film date|1976|07|14))
| country        = United States
| runtime        = 93 minutes<ref name=DVDTalk/>
| language       = English
| budget         =
| gross          =
))

'''''Squirm''''' is a 1976 American natural [[horror film]] written and directed by [[Jeff Lieberman]] in his feature-film [[List of directorial debuts|directing debut]], starring [[Don Scardino]], [[Patricia Pearcy]], R. A. Dow, [[Jean Sullivan]], Peter MacLean, Fran Higgins and [[William Newman (actor)|William Newman]]. The film takes place in the fictional town of Fly Creek, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], which becomes infested with [[carnivorous]] worms after an electrical storm. Lieberman's script is based on a childhood incident in which his brother fed electricity into a patch of earth, causing [[earthworms]] to rise to the surface.

Most of the financing came from [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] producers [[Edgar Lansbury (producer)|Edgar Lansbury]] and [[Joseph Beruh]]. Millions of worms were used over the five-week filming in [[Port Wentworth, Georgia]]; worms were brought in from Maine to augment local supplies. Makeup artist [[Rick Baker]] provided the special effects, using [[Prosthetic makeup|prosthetic]]s for the first time in his career. After [[American International Pictures]] picked up ''Squirm'' for distribution, it was edited to remove the most graphic scenes in an unsuccessful attempt to lower its "R" [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system|rating]] to "PG". The film was a commercial success, but opened to lukewarm reviews. It has since become a critical favorite and a [[Cult film|cult classic]].

==Plot==
On September 29, 1975, in the rural town of Fly Creek, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], a powerful storm blows down an [[overhead power line]], leaving the area without electricity. The power line lands in wet mud and electrifies the worms underneath. The next morning, Geri Sanders borrows a truck from her neighbor, [[worm farm]]er Roger Grimes, to pick up her boyfriend Mick, who is arriving from New York City for a vacation.  While Geri and Mick go to town, Roger's shipment of 100,000 [[Glycera (annelid)|bloodworms]] and sandworms escape from the back of the truck. Mick enters a diner, where a customer says over 300,000 [[volt]]s are being released into the ground from severed power lines. He orders an [[egg cream]] and finds a worm in it, though the owner and Sheriff Jim Reston believe he placed it there himself as a prank.

Geri introduces Mick to her mother Naomi and sister Alma, before they both leave to browse at antique dealer Aaron Beardsley's house. Outside, Roger's father Willie finds the shipment of worms is missing. Roger sees Mick with Geri and becomes envious of their relationship. After arriving at Beardsley's house, Geri and Mick cannot find him, but Geri sees a human skeleton outside the property. They bring over Sheriff Reston but the skeleton disappears. Thinking it is another prank, Reston threatens to arrest Mick if he returns to the town. While asking locals about Beardsley's whereabouts, they find out he was last seen before the storm. Mick believes he himself unintentionally released the worms; he apologizes to Roger and invites him to go fishing with him and Geri. They find the skeleton in Roger's truck.

While on the boat, Mick is bitten by a worm. Roger shows his bitten-off thumb and tells Mick and Geri that worms attack when electrified. Mick gets off the boat to tend to his wound, leaving Geri with Roger; Mick and Alma take the skeleton's skull to an abandoned dental office, where they compare its teeth with [[Dental radiography|X-rays]] and confirm the skeleton is Beardsley's. Roger makes advances towards Geri, but the worms they brought as bait attack him and crawl into his face. He runs off into the woods and Geri tells Mick what happened. Mick and Geri visit the worm farm to find Roger, but Mick finds Willie's body being eaten by worms. They try telling Sheriff Reston, but he ignores them. Mick deduces the worms killed Beardsley but cannot figure out why they attacked him.

While Mick and Geri are eating dinner with Naomi and Alma, the worms eat through the roots of a tree, causing it to crash into the house. Mick realizes electricity is still being released from the power lines and that the wet soil is acting as a conductor; he hypothesizes the worms only come out at night. Mick tells Geri to keep everyone inside equipped with candles and leaves to get plywood to board up the house. Roger, whose face has been deformed by worms, attacks Mick and knocks him unconscious. He then enters the house and kidnaps Geri. The worms infest the house and attack other places in town. Sheriff Reston and a woman are eaten alive in a jail cell, and people at a bar are attacked and eaten.

Mick regains consciousness and finds Naomi's remains, covered in worms, at the house. When he goes upstairs, Roger attacks and chases him downstairs. Mick pushes Roger into a pile of worms, which engulf him. Mick frees Geri and tells her that Naomi, and presumably Alma, are dead. While they try escaping through a window, Roger crawls out of the pile of worms and bites Mick in the leg. Mick beats Roger to death with a flashlight before climbing onto a tree with Geri, where they stay until morning. Upon waking up, they realize the worms had disappeared and a repairman informs them that the power has been restored. Alma, who survived by hiding in a chest, comes out and looks out the window. Geri and Mick rush into the house to meet her.

==Cast==
((Div col|colwidth=25em))
* [[Don Scardino]] as Mick
* [[Patricia Pearcy]] as Geraldine "Geri" Sanders
* R. A. Dow as Roger Grimes
* [[Jean Sullivan]] as Naomi Sanders
* [[Peter MacLean]] as Sheriff Jim Reston
* Fran Higgins as Alma Sanders
* [[William Newman (actor)|William Newman]] as Quigley
* Barbara Quinn as Sheriff's Girl
* Carl Dagenhart as Willie Grimes
* Angel Sande as Millie
* Carol Jean Owens as Lizzie
* Kim Leon Iocovozzi as Hank
* Walter Dimmick as Danny
* Leslie Thorsen as Bonnie
* Julia Klopp as Mrs. Klopp

((div col end))

==Production==
[[File:Rick Baker February 2015 (cropped).jpg|upright|thumb|alt=Rick Baker at an awards show in 2015.|[[Special make-up effects]] artist [[Rick Baker]] provided the make-up for ''Squirm'']]

''Squirm'' was written by [[Jeff Lieberman]], who at the time was working for [[Janus Films]] on a series called ''The Art of Film''; he developed ''Squirm'' after his work shifts ended to deal with his "frustrations over having to put on a tie".<ref name="Fangoria1993"/> The script was based on a childhood incident in which Lieberman's brother connected a [[transformer]] to the ground to force worms to emerge so he could use them for a fishing trip, which "scared the shit out of" Lieberman.<ref name="Fangoria1993"/> He was also inspired by a news story from [[Floyds Knobs, Indiana]], about migrating [[millipede]]s invading homes<ref name=Starlog/> and by the 1963 film ''[[The Birds (film)|The Birds]]''.<ref name=DVDTalk2>((cite web|url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/65274/squirm/|title=Squirm (Blu-ray)|last=Dahlke|first=Kurt|work=[[DVD Talk]]|date=October 28, 2014|access-date=July 20, 2020|archive-date=June 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603201501/https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/65274/squirm/|url-status=live))</ref>

Lieberman completed a rough draft in six weeks and gave it to producer George Manasse, who saw potential in it. Manasse showed Lieberman's script to then-independent [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] producers [[Edgar Lansbury (producer)|Edgar Lansbury]] and [[Joseph Beruh]]. They read the script during the warm U.S. summer months of 1975, after which the project moved swiftly, with the producers buying ''Squirm'' and investing $470,000 of their own money into the project. ''Squirm'' was the only film produced by The Squirm Company.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b972f3a44|title=The Squirm Company|work=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=July 20, 2020|archive-date=July 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720054142/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b972f3a44|url-status=dead))</ref> The original setting and filming location was planned to be [[New England]]<ref name="Fangoria1993">((cite magazine|magazine=[[Fangoria]]|title=The Squirm Turns|last=Szulkin|first=David|pages=24–29|date=June 1993|issue=123|url=https://archive.org/details/Fangoria_123_1993_Ticks_DaveWooderson-DREGS_c2c))</ref> but the filming was changed to [[Port Wentworth, Georgia]],((sfn|Muir|2012|p=18)) due to unsuitable fall weather conditions in the northeastern U.S.<ref name="Fangoria1993" /> Production began in the warmer climate of Georgia in the late fall of November 1975.<ref name="Fangoria1993"/>

[[Kim Basinger]] auditioned for the role of Geri, but Lieberman passed on her, believing that the audience would not believe that she would live in a "hick town". Lieberman later regretted the decision, calling himself an idiot. [[Martin Sheen]] was originally cast to play the role of Mick, but was replaced with Don Scardino. Sheen had suggested that Mick should be an actor and had wanted him to recite the [[Yorick]] scene from ''[[Hamlet]]'' when he discovers Aaron Beardsley's skull.<ref name="Fangoria1993" /> Jean Sullivan, who played Geri's mother Naomi, based her Southern accent on [[Tennessee Williams]].<ref name=DVDTalk2/> To prepare for his part as Roger, R. A. Dow spent weeks in Port Wentworth to do [[method acting]] training.<ref name=DVDTalk2/>

Half of the worms used in the film were made of rubber; the others included large sandworms from Maine, refrigerated and transported to Port Wentworth,<ref name="Fangoria1993"/> and an estimated 3 million bloodworms provided by the [[Skidaway Institute of Oceanography|University of Georgia Oceanographic Institute]].<ref name="AFI">((cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/55262|title=Squirm|work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|access-date=March 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407220722/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/55262|archive-date=April 7, 2019|url-status=live))</ref> To get the worms to move, wires were run under them and electrified.<ref name="Fangoria1993"/> One scene in which a living room is filled with worms was accomplished by building a scaffolding ((Convert|4|feet|meters|abbr=out|spell=in)) above the ground; a canvas was placed on top and covered with a six-inch layer of thousands of worms. The local [[Boy Scouts of America|Boy Scouts]] troop was hired to move the canvas from below to make the worms undulate; they received [[Merit badge (Boy Scouts of America)|merit badges]] for their work.<ref name="Fangoria1993"/><ref name=BoxOffice1>((cite magazine|magazine=[[Box Office (magazine)|Box Office]]|title=Horror-Thriller 'Squirm' Completed in Georgia|date=January 12, 1976|page=14|url=http://www2.boxoffice.com/the_vault/issue_page?issue_id=1976-1-12&page_no=14|access-date=2020-07-10|archive-date=2020-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710222710/http://www2.boxoffice.com/the_vault/issue_page?issue_id=1976-1-12&page_no=14|url-status=live))</ref> After production wrapped, newspapers in Maine reported the local fishing industry had been impacted by a shortage of worms caused by the film production.<ref name="Fangoria1993"/>

Brian Smedley-Aston edited ''Squirm''.<ref>((cite magazine|magazine=[[Shivers (magazine)|Shivers]]|title=Expose|last=Lynn|first=France|issue=3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/Shivers_03/page/n18 19]–21|date=October 1992|url=https://archive.org/details/Shivers_03))</ref> [[Robert Prince (composer)|Robert Prince]] composed the score and also conducted a full orchestra in England for the film. [[Bernard Herrmann]], composer for ''[[The Day the Earth Stood Still]]'' (1951) and ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'' (1960), was originally slated to write the score but died before beginning work.<ref name=Starlog>((cite magazine|magazine=[[Starlog]]|title=Squirm|last=O'Quinn|first=Kerry|issue=1|date=August 1976|pages=20–21|url=https://archive.org/details/starlog_magazine-001/page/n19/mode/2up))</ref> Joe Mangine was the [[director of photography]] and Henry Shrady was the [[art director]].<ref name=BoxOffice1/> [[Special make-up effects]] artist [[Rick Baker]] created the make-up in New York for R. A. Dow's character Roger, who turns into "Wormface". He made a facial mold using [[Prosthetic makeup|prosthetics]], which he had never worked with before. The fake worms were drawn through Dow's skin using [[monofilament fishing line]] covered in lubricant, pulled from just out of shot.<ref name="Fangoria1993"/>

[[Principal photography]] wrapped after five weeks, one of which was dedicated to working with the worms. Lieberman was heavily involved with the [[post-production]] work, which included making the sound effects for the worms using balloons and shears and looping the two sounds using [[multitrack recording]]. The shears snapping open and closed were used to make the sound of their teeth. The worms' screams were taken from a scene in which pigs are slaughtered in [[Brian De Palma]]'s 1976 film ''[[Carrie (1976 film)|Carrie]]''.<ref name="Fangoria1993"/>

==Release==
''Squirm'' was shown during the May 1976 [[Cannes Film Market]]. It was acquired by [[American International Pictures]] (AIP), who released it theatrically in the United States on July 14, 1976, and worldwide on August 9 that same year.<ref name=AFI/><ref name=BoxOffice2>((cite magazine|magazine=[[Box Office (magazine)|Box Office]]|title=AIP Arranges July Release of Terror Drama 'Squirm'|date=July 19, 1976|page=5|url=http://www2.boxoffice.com/the_vault/issue_page?issue_id=1976-7-19&page_no=5|access-date=2020-07-10|archive-date=2020-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712023132/http://www2.boxoffice.com/the_vault/issue_page?issue_id=1976-7-19&page_no=5|url-status=live))</ref> AIP had given a $250,000 advance to the film's producers for domestic distribution and $500,000 in guarantees from sixteen territories.<ref name=AFI/>

AIP hoped for a "PG" [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system|rating]] from the [[Motion Picture Association of America]] (MPAA), but the MPAA objected to nearly all the horror scenes as "objectionable to PG-rated sensibilities".<ref name="Fangoria1993" /> The film was edited to remove most of the scariest material and a shower scene with Patricia Pearcy. This cut the running time by 1 minute. The now 92-minute film, however, still received an "R" rating.<ref name="DVDTalk" /><ref name="Fangoria1993" /> In 1977, the MPAA re-rated the film with a "PG" rating.<ref>((cite magazine|magazine=[[Box Office (magazine)|Box Office]]|title=Motion Pictures Rated By The Code & Rating Administration|date=April 18, 1977|url=http://www2.boxoffice.com/the_vault/issue_page?issue_id=1977-4-18&page_no=13#page_start))</ref> The TV film was even more extensively cut: Lieberman commented that "In the theatrical version there was just enough of the worm attacks left for them to work; on TV, the cuts are ridiculous!"<ref name="Fangoria1993" /> The film was financially successful; Lansbury and Beruh made their investment back from the foreign theatrical market.<ref name="Fangoria1993" />

The film was released on [[VHS]] by [[Vestron Video]] in 1983<ref name="Fangoria1983">((cite magazine|magazine=[[Fangoria]]|title=The Video Eye of Dr. Cyclops|author=Dr. Cyclops|issue=29|date=September 1983|page=[https://archive.org/details/Fangoria_029_c2c_1983_Gates_of_Hell_Sproutcore-Bollywox-DREGS/page/n29 27]|url=https://archive.org/details/Fangoria_029_c2c_1983_Gates_of_Hell_Sproutcore-Bollywox-DREGS))</ref> and on [[DVD]] by [[MGM Home Entertainment]] in 2003. The DVD version, with a 93-minute run time, restored the shower scene and included an [[audio commentary]] with Lieberman as part of the special features.<ref name=DVDTalk>((cite web|url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/7452/squirm-se/|title=Squirm: SE|last=Gross|first=G. Noel|work=[[DVD Talk]]|date=August 26, 2003|access-date=December 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205075335/https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/7452/squirm-se/|archive-date=December 5, 2019|url-status=live))</ref> MGM released it as part of a set with ''[[Swamp Thing (1982 film)|Swamp Thing]]'' (1982) and ''[[The Return of the Living Dead]]'' (1985) in 2011.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/squirm-v46341/releases|title=Squirm – Releases|work=[[AllMovie]]|access-date=December 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407220725/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/squirm-v46341/releases|archive-date=April 7, 2019|url-status=live))</ref> The unedited R-rated version was released in the United Kingdom on [[Blu-ray]] and DVD by [[Arrow Video]] on September 23, 2013.<ref name="JoBlo">((cite web|url=https://www.joblo.com/horror-movies/news/jeff-liebermanns-cult-classic-squirm-hitting-uk-blu-ray-dvd-september-23|title=Jeff Lieberman's cult classic Squirm hitting UK Blu-Ray & DVD September 23|website=[[JoBlo.com]]|date=September 4, 2013|access-date=June 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908082717/https://www.joblo.com/horror-movies/news/jeff-liebermanns-cult-classic-squirm-hitting-uk-blu-ray-dvd-september-23|archive-date=September 8, 2013|url-status=live))</ref> This version was released in the United States on Blu-ray by [[Shout! Factory]] under its label Scream Factory on October 28, 2014.<ref name=Bloody>((cite web|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/home-video/3310212/scream-factory-will-make-squirm-halloween/|title=Scream Factory! Will Make You 'Squirm' This Halloween|last=Miska|first=Brad|work=[[Bloody Disgusting]]|date=August 26, 2014|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808041304/https://bloody-disgusting.com/home-video/3310212/scream-factory-will-make-squirm-halloween/|archive-date=August 8, 2019|url-status=live))</ref> ''Squirm'' was also released on [[streaming]] services [[Amazon Prime Video]], [[Tubi]], and [[Shudder (streaming service)|Shudder]].<ref name= "TV"/><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/the-best-horror-movies-to-watch-on-shudder/|title=Best Horror Movies to Watch on Shudder Right Now|last1=Fletcher|first1=Rosie|last2=Kaye|first2=Don|work=[[Den of Geek]]|date=September 26, 2020|access-date=September 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022071705/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/the-best-horror-movies-to-watch-on-shudder/|archive-date=October 22, 2020))</ref>

==Reception==
[[File:Squirm Wormface.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|The gruesomeness of worms burrowing into Roger's face was recognized by critics, who praised the special effects|alt=The character Roger, played by R. A. Dow, has worms burrowing into his face. Make-up artist Rick Baker created the effect for the movie ''Squirm''.]]

<!-- Gruesome, creepy horror was recognized as conveyed by special effects -->
Opinions on the film's horror elements and special effects were mostly positive, with several reviewers crediting the special effects for conveying a sense of gruesome creepiness.<ref name="Allmovie"/>((sfn|Craig|2019|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e0CIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA349 349]))<ref name="Variety"/> A ''[[TV Guide]]'' contributor described the worm scenes as "genuinely terrifying",<ref name= "TV"/> and ''[[Cinefantastique]]'' contributor Kyle B. Counts found a shot of the worms burrowing into Roger's face "expertly gruesome".<ref name=Cinefantastique>((cite magazine|magazine=[[Cinefantastique]]|title=Film Ratings|last=Counts|first=Kyle|volume=5|number=3|date=Winter 1976|page=29|url=https://archive.org/stream/cinefantastique_1970-2002/Cinefantastique%20Vol%2005%20No%203%20%281976%29#page/n27/mode/2up/))</ref> [[Vincent Canby]], writing in ''[[The New York Times]]'', felt the worm scenes were "effectively revolting", though he disliked the shot of Roger sinking into a pile of worms, comparing it to spaghetti with meat sauce.<ref name="NYT"/> In his 2019 book ''American International Pictures'', Rob Craig agreed that the movie's horror was made effective by Baker's gory make-up.((sfn|Craig|2019|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e0CIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA349 349]))  Craig was also impressed that the film managed to convey a "sense of dread" with the use of a traditionally non-threatening creature like the earthworm, by "amassing [them] into a gigantic horde which becomes a mass-minded killing force".((sfn|Craig|2019|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e0CIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA349 349]))  Another retrospective reviewer, in the 2013 edition of ''[[Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide]]'', assessed the film as an "above-average horror outing [that] builds to good shock sequences".((sfn|Maltin|2013|p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780451418104/page/1318/mode/2up 1318])) Robert Prince's <!--

NORMALLY one would remove the name Robert, already used above, but leaving it here so as not to confuse with the musician Prince

-->use of [[synthesizers]] in the music score produced an "unnerving effect" according to Donald Guarisco of [[AllMovie]].<ref name="Allmovie"/>

<!-- But the production, direction and performances received mixed reviews -->
Critics were less impressed with the film's production and performances and were divided on Lieberman's direction.<ref name=Cinefantastique/><ref name="LA Times"/><ref name="Bulletin"/> [[Kevin Thomas (film critic)|Kevin Thomas]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' argued that Lieberman showed "plenty of panache [...] deftly playing a disarming folksy atmosphere against rapidly escalating peril",<ref name="LA Times">((cite news|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|title=As the Worm Turns: 'Squirm'|last=Thomas|first=Kevin|author-link=Kevin Thomas (film critic)|date=December 17, 1976|page=21|via=Newspapers.com|quote='Squirm' (citywide) is guaranteed to make you do just that. Made on location in Georgia, it's a nifty little horror picture that strikes a good balance between humor and terror. While not morbid, it is nevertheless graphic enough to place it out of bounds for the faint-hearted and for impressionable youngsters.))</ref> and ''TV Guide'' thought it was underrated, "as with most of Lieberman's work".<ref name="TV" /> Counts criticized the director's handling of the creepy moments in the film as "oppressively clumsy",<ref name="Cinefantastique" /> and ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' magazine also found the creepy special effects were offset by "clumsy and amateurish" production.<ref name="Variety">((cite journal |date=August 11, 1976 |title=Squirm |url=https://variety.com/1975/film/reviews/squirm-1200423655/ |journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |page=19 |access-date=June 7, 2020 |archive-date=June 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607204540/https://variety.com/1975/film/reviews/squirm-1200423655/ |url-status=live ))</ref> The cinematography was praised by critics;<ref name="Allmovie"/>((sfn|Craddock|2006| p=[https://archive.org/details/videohoundsgolde2006crad/page/808/mode/2up 809])) [[John Kenneth Muir]] commended the filmmaking along with the film's imagery, though he found the inconsistent tone and lack of believable characters "a letdown".((sfn|Muir|2012|pp=134–136)) In Canby's opinion, Scardino and Pearcy gave decent performances.<ref name="NYT">((cite journal |last=Canby |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Canby |date=December 31, 1975 |title=The Screen:'Squirm' Shows Worms Turning on People |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/31/archives/the-screensquirm-shows-worms-turning-on-people.html |journal=[[The New York Times]] |page=8 |access-date=August 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806051209/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/31/archives/the-screensquirm-shows-worms-turning-on-people.html |archive-date=August 6, 2019 |url-status=live ))</ref>

<!-- Yet, the film achieved cult-like status, as retrospective reviews recognized themes and appreciated humor-->
''Squirm'' received lukewarm reviews upon its release from ''Variety'' and ''The New York Times'',<ref name="Variety"/><ref name="NYT"/> but impressions changed over time.  Counts, an early reviewer, criticized the way the film cut away from violent moments to scenes of [[comic relief]], saying that it undermined the film's "threadbare" tension,<ref name=Cinefantastique/> but Thomas thought the film had a good balance between humor and terror.<ref name="LA Times"/> John Pym of ''[[The Monthly Film Bulletin]]'' thought the film's use of humor and narrative rendered ''Squirm'' a commendable and scary addition to the genre.<ref name="Bulletin">((cite journal |last=Pym |first=John |date=September 1976 |title=Squirm |journal=[[The Monthly Film Bulletin]] |volume=43 |issue=512 |page=199 ))</ref> Guarisco described ''Squirm'' as an "excellent example of the 'revenge of nature' horror" genre, and praised its third act for getting viewers invested in the fate of the characters.<ref name="Allmovie">((cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/squirm-v46341/review|title=Squirm (1976)|last=Guarisco|first=Donald|work=[[AllMovie]]|access-date=August 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407220724/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/squirm-v46341/review|archive-date=April 7, 2019|url-status=live))</ref> The film received generally positive retrospective evaluations, earning it [[Cult film|cult classic]] status<ref name="JoBlo"/><ref name="Bloody"/><ref name="Time"/> and recognition for its humor and themes;<ref name="TV"/><ref name="Time"/> [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] listed ''Squirm'' as one of the best "Killer-Animal Movies" in 2010, noting its "sick twist" on the shower scene in ''Psycho''.<ref name="Time">((cite magazine|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2010/08/20/top-10-killer-animal-movies/slide/squirm/|title=Top 10 Killer-Animal Movies|last=Abbott|first=Kate|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|page=6|date=August 19, 2010|access-date=December 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205075333/http://entertainment.time.com/2010/08/20/top-10-killer-animal-movies/slide/squirm/|archive-date=December 5, 2019|url-status=live))</ref> A ''TV Guide'' contributor gave positive marks to its handling of the [[tongue-in-cheek]] humor and scares, including the tribute to ''Psycho''.<ref name="TV">((cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/squirm/review/118818/|title=Squirm Review|work=[[TV Guide]]|access-date=August 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807042231/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/squirm/review/118818/|archive-date=August 7, 2019|url-status=live))</ref> Craig considered it to be "an entertaining&nbsp;– and fairly insightful − film which is certainly not uncritical to its main characters and their community".((sfn|Craig|2019|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e0CIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA349 349])) Jim Craddock, author of ''VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever'', gave a less than positive review and summarized it as an "okay" giant worm movie.((sfn|Craddock|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/videohoundsgolde2006crad/page/808/mode/2up 809]))

==Analysis==
''Squirm'' can be seen as a "revenge of nature" film, a genre which began in the early 1970s with films like ''[[Frogs (film)|Frogs]]'' and ''[[Night of the Lepus]]''.((sfn|Verevis|2016|p=102))((sfn|Platts|2015|pp=156–157)) ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'', the most important film in the genre,((sfn|Verevis|2016|p=102))((sfn|Platts|2015|pp=156–157)) spawned "Jawsploitation" films which attempted to take advantage of its success, but [[film studies]] scholar I. Q. Hunter argues that ''Jaws'' "merely served to perpetuate the early-1970s genre [[Quentin Tarantino]] called the 'Mother Nature goes ape-shit kind of movie'".((sfn|Hunter|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KaqaDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 85])) Muir describes the genre as "eco-horror", commenting that "these films reflected genuine audience trepidation that Mother Nature would not stand for Man's continued pillaging and pollution of the Earth".((sfn|Muir|2012|p=2))

The film critic [[Robin Wood (critic)|Robin Wood]], in a discussion of horror films showing the re-emergence of repressed sexual and familial tensions, included ''Squirm'' as an example of the "revenge of nature" motif and argued that the survival of three of the main characters runs "counter to the film's logic" of the unstoppable natural forces that the worms represent.((sfn|Wood|2018|loc=Sec. Return of the Repressed)) Rob Craig also commented on the sexual undercurrents in the film, arguing that in the context of the film's treatment of rural folk as "ignorant, divisive, reactionary, corrupt, and quite possibly lunatic", the worms can be seen as a metaphor for "a country bumpkin's slimy, limp penis: a laughably vulnerable object by itself, but fearsomely dangerous in aggregate", which in turn implies the rural men are "a gaggle of 'limp noodles' which are nonetheless dangerous as a societal force".((sfn|Craig|2019| page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e0CIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA349 349])) Kyle B. Counts notes similarities between the themes of "masculine ideals" in ''Squirm'' and [[Straw Dogs (1971 film)|''Straw Dogs'']], in which the male leads are heroes, and also said the film does not give the impression Don Scardino's character grew into a "man" after his experience.<ref name=Cinefantastique/>

Lieberman wrote the foreword for Jon Towlson's 2014 book ''Subversive Horror Cinema: Countercultural Messages of Films from ''Frankenstein'' to the Present''. In this, he addressed the critical and scholarly analysis of ''Squirm'':

((Blockquote|quote=In my first movie, ''Squirm'' (1976), I really didn't try to make any sort of social or political comment. At least not consciously. However, soon after the movie's release, critics found some very profound subtexts which I myself wasn't aware of. Nature getting revenge on man for his disrespect of ecology. The symbolism of man's mortality and his inevitable fate of becoming worm food. Even themes of suppressed sexuality in the main characters. This could all very well be true, but if it is, it was not done purposely on my part.|author=[[Jeff Lieberman]]|source=''Subversive Horror Cinema: Countercultural Messages of Films from Frankenstein to the Present'' ((sfn|Towlson|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RIgOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]))))

==Legacy==
Director Brian De Palma included a poster of ''Squirm'' in several scenes of his 1981 film ''[[Blow Out]]''. A fan of De Palma, Lieberman told ''[[Fangoria]]'' that he asked him about the poster years later. De Palma reportedly answered "Only use the best!"<ref name="Fangoria1993"/>

Musician [["Weird Paul" Petroskey]] created an album titled ''Worm in My Egg Cream'' that was dedicated to the scene where Mick orders an egg cream and finds a worm in it. Released on his label Rocks & Rolling Records,<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/rq8wd6/you-need-to-listen-to-weird-paul|title=You Need To Listen To Weird Paul|last=Ogiba|first=Jeff|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|date=September 4, 2012|access-date=July 18, 2020|archive-date=July 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719072310/https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/rq8wd6/you-need-to-listen-to-weird-paul|url-status=live))</ref> all 16 tracks on the album are titled the same as the album.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/uncategorized/2006/04/20/Adventures-of-Weird-Paul-Documentary-sheds-light-on-quirky-Pittsburgh-music-legend/stories/200604200363|title=Adventures of Weird Paul: Documentary sheds light on quirky Pittsburgh music legend|last=Mervis|first=Scott|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date=April 20, 2006|access-date=July 18, 2020|archive-date=July 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719065815/https://www.post-gazette.com/uncategorized/2006/04/20/Adventures-of-Weird-Paul-Documentary-sheds-light-on-quirky-Pittsburgh-music-legend/stories/200604200363|url-status=live))</ref>

''Squirm'' was featured on a 10th-season episode of ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]'' (''MST3K''), a comedy television series in which the character [[Mike Nelson (character)|Mike Nelson]] and his two robot friends [[Crow T. Robot]] and [[Tom Servo]] are forced to watch bad films as part of an ongoing scientific experiment. The episode was broadcast on the [[Sci-Fi Channel]] on August 1, 1999, and was the penultimate episode of the season and of the Sci-Fi Channel era of the show.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/mystery-science-theater-3000/episodes/203329/|title=Mystery Science Theater 3000 Season 10 Episode Guide|work=[[TV Guide]]|access-date=August 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803035048/https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/mystery-science-theater-3000/episodes/203329/|archive-date=August 3, 2019|url-status=live))</ref><ref name="DVD">((cite web|url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/65514/mystery-science-theater-3000-the-turkey-day-collection-xxxi/|title=Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Turkey Day Collection|last=Sinnott|first=John|work=[[DVD Talk]]|date=November 25, 2014|access-date=August 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803035047/https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/65514/mystery-science-theater-3000-the-turkey-day-collection-xxxi/|archive-date=August 3, 2019|url-status=live))</ref> It was shown along with the short film ''[[A Case of Spring Fever]]''.<ref name="DVD"/> In 2014, Shout! Factory released the ''MST3K'' episode as part of the "Turkey Day Collection", along with episodes focused on ''[[Jungle Goddess]]'', ''[[The Painted Hills]]'', and ''[[The Screaming Skull]]''.<ref name="DVD"/>

==References==

===Citations===
((reflist))

===Bibliography===
((refbegin))
* ((cite book|last=Craddock|first=Jim|title=VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever|date=2006|publisher=[[Gale Group]]|isbn=0-7876-8980-7))
* ((cite book|last=Craig|first=Rob|title=American International Pictures: A Comprehensive Filmography|date=2019|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|isbn=978-1-4766-6631-0))
* ((cite book|ref=((sfnref|Hunter|2016|p=85))|author=I.Q. Hunter|title=Cult Film as a Guide to Life: Fandom, Adaptation, and Identity|year= 2016|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-62356-381-3))
* ((cite book|ref=((sfnref|Maltin|2013|p=1318))|last1=Maltin|first1=Leonard|last2=Carson|first2=Darwyn|title=Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide: The Modern Era|year=2013|publisher=[[Signet Books|Signet]]|isbn=978-0-451-41810-4))
* ((cite book|last=Muir|first=John|title=Horror Films of the 1970s|year= 2012|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|isbn=978-0-7864-9156-8))
* ((cite book|last=Platts|first=Todd|year=2015|chapter=The New Horror Movie|editor1-last=Cogan|editor1-first=Brian|editor2-last=Gencarelli|editor2-first=Thom|title=Baby Boomers and Popular Culture|publisher=[[Praeger Publishing|Praeger]]|pages=147–64))
* ((cite book|last=Towlson|first=Jon|title=Subversive Horror Cinema: Countercultural Messages of Films from Frankenstein to the Present|date=2014|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|isbn=978-147-6-6153-32))
* ((cite book|last=Verevis|first=Constantine|chapter=Vicious cycle: ''Jaws'' and the revenge-of-nature films of the 1970s|editor1=Amanda Ann Klein|editor2=R. Barton Palmer|title=Cycles, Sequels, Spin-offs, Remakes, and Reboots: Multiplicities in Film and Television|page =[https://books.google.com/books?id=IvK4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 102]|year= 2016|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|isbn=978-1-4773-0817-2))
* ((cite book|last=Wood|first=Robin|year=2018|title=Robin Wood on the Horror Film: Collected Essays and Reviews|chapter=Return of the Repressed|publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8143-4524-5))
((refend))

==External links==
* ((Amg title|46341|Squirm))
* ((AFI film|55262|Squirm))
* ((IMDb title|0075261|Squirm))
* ((tcmdb title|20595|Squirm))

((Jeff Lieberman))

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1976 horror films]]
[[Category:American International Pictures films]]
[[Category:American natural horror films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jeff Lieberman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Robert Prince]]
[[Category:Films set in 1975]]
[[Category:Films set in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:1970s English-language films]]
[[Category:1970s American films]]
[[Category:Films about worms]]

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