St Ives (Cornish: Porth Ia,[1] meaning "St Ia's cove") is a seaside town, civil parish and port in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The town lies north of Penzance and west of Camborne on the coast of the Celtic Sea. In former times, it was commercially dependent on fishing. The decline in fishing, however, caused a shift in commercial emphasis, and the town is now primarily a popular seaside resort, notably achieving the title of Best UK Seaside Town from the British Travel Awards in both 2010 and 2011.[2][3][4] St Ives was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1639.[5][6] St Ives has become renowned for its number of artists. It was named best seaside town of 2007 by The Guardian newspaper.[7]
April in St Ives
History
Early history
John Payne memorial, St Ives
The origin of St Ives is attributed in legend to the arrival of the Irish saint Ia of Cornwall, in the 5th century. The parish church bears her name, and the name St Ives derives from it.[8][9]
Looking over St IvesRocky landscape
The Sloop Inn, which lies on the wharf was a fisherman's pub for many centuries and is dated to "circa 1312", making it one of the oldest inns in Cornwall.[10][11] The town was the site of a particularly notable atrocity during the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549. The English provost marshal, Anthony Kingston, came to St Ives and invited the portreeve, John Payne, to lunch at an inn. He asked the portreeve to have the gallows erected during the course of the lunch. Afterwards the portreeve and the Provost Marshal walked down to the gallows; the Provost Marshal then ordered the portreeve to mount the gallows. The portreeve was then hanged for being a "busy rebel".[12][13]
The seal of St Ives is Argent, an ivy branch overspreading the whole field Vert, with the legend Sigillum Burgi St Ives in Com. Cornub. 1690.[14]
During the Spanish Armada of 1597, two Spanish ships, a bark and a pinnace, had made their way to St Ives to seek shelter from the storm which had dispersed the Spanish fleet. They were captured by the English warship Warspite of Sir Walter Raleigh leaking from the same storm.[15] The information given by the prisoners was vital to learning the Armada's objectives.[16]
Later history
St Ives Harbour Beach (2011) by local artist Walter Scott (1974- )
Pedn Olva Mine, a former copper mine, at Pedn Olva Point adit, operated in St Ives before 1911, when the engine house on Pedn Olva Point was demolished, now the site of the Pedn Olva Hotel.[17][18]
The modern seaside resort developed as a result of the arrival of the St Ives Bay branch line from St Erth, part of the Great Western Railway in 1877.[19][20] With it came a new generation of Victorian seaside holidaymakers. Much of the town was built during the latter part of the 19th century. The railway, which winds along the cliffs and bays, survived the Beeching cuts and has become a tourist attraction itself.[21]
In 1952, the Royal Navywarship[22]HMS Wave ran aground near the town.[23] The ship was later salvaged, repaired and returned to service.[24] A propeller believed to be from HMS Wave was washed ashore in 2008.[25]
In 1999, the town was the first landfall of the solar eclipse of 11 August 1999. The Tate St Ives displayed an exhibition called As Dark as Light, with art by Yuko Shiraishi, Garry Fabian Miller and local schoolchildren, to celebrate the event.[26] A live BBC programme with the astronomer Patrick Moore was clouded out and the eclipse was missed.[27]
Fishing
Photochrom of St Ives, 1895St Ives Fishing FleetCornish Fishermen, The Quay, St Ives by Christopher Wood, 1928
From medieval times fishing was important at St Ives; it was one of the most important fishing ports on the north Cornish coast. The original pier's construction date is unknown but the first reference to St Ives having a pier was in 1478 in William Worcester's 'Itinerary'.[28] The pier was re-built by John Smeaton between 1766 and 1770 after falling into disrepair.[28] It was lengthened at a later date.[29] The octagonal lookout with a cupola belongs to Smeaton's design.[30]
A. K. Hamilton Jenkin describes how the St Ives fisherman strictly observed Sunday as a day of rest.[31] St Ives was a very busy fishing port and seining was the usual method of fishing. Seining was carried out by a set of three boats of different sizes, the largest two carrying seine nets of different sizes. The total number of crew was seventeen or eighteen. However this came to an end in 1924. In the decade 1747–1756 the total number of pilchards dispatched from the four principal Cornish ports of Falmouth, Fowey, Penzance, and St Ives averaged 30,000 hogsheads annually (making a total of 900 million fish). Much greater catches were achieved in 1790 and 1796. In 1847 the exports of pilchards from Cornwall amounted to 40,883 hogsheads or 122 million fish while the greatest number ever taken in one seine was 5,600 hogsheads at St Ives in 1868.[32] The bulk of the catch was exported to Italy: for example, in 1830, 6,400 hogsheads were sent to Mediterranean ports. From 1829 to 1838, the yearly average for this trade was 9,000 hogsheads.[33]
While commercial fishing is much reduced, the harbour is still in use, often for recreational boating, tourist fishing and day trips to the nearby seal colonies on the Carrack Rocks and other locations along the coast. Recently, a class of Victorian fishing boat unique to St Ives, known as a "jumbo," has been replicated by boatbuilder Jonny Nance to celebrate the town's maritime heritage. Today's jumbos are operated by the St Ives Jumbo Association.[34]
The first lifeboat was stationed in the town in 1840.[35] In 1867 the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) built a boathouse at Porthgwidden beach. It proved to be a difficult site to launch from, and in 1867 it was replaced by a building in Fore Street. In 1911 a new boathouse was built on the Quay, and then in 1993 a larger station was built at the landward end of the West Pier.[36] Since its inception in 1839, thirty eight RNLI medals have been awarded to rescuers from St Ives, 18 silver medals and 20 bronze.[35]
Seven crewmen died in the St Ives lifeboat tragedy of 1939.[35] In the early hours of 23 January 1939 there was a Force 10 storm blowing with gusts up to 100 miles per hour (160 km/h). The lifeboat John and Sara Eliza Stych was launched at 3 o'clock to search for a ship reported in trouble off Cape Cornwall. It rounded the Island where it met the full force of the storm as it headed westwards. It capsized three times and drifted across St Ives Bay when its propeller was fouled. The first time it turned over four men were lost; the second time one more; the third time left only one man alive.[35] He scrambled ashore when the boat was wrecked on rocks near Godrevy Point.[37]
Sharks
On 28 July 2007 there was a suspected sighting of a great white shark. The chairman of the Shark Trust said that "it was impossible to make a conclusive identification and that it could have also been either a Mako or a Porbeagle shark". Coastguards dismissed the claims as "scaremongering".[38] On 14 June 2011 there was a suspected sighting of an oceanic whitetip shark; the Shark Trust said that the chances of the species being in British waters were "very small".[39] On 18 July 2017 a suspected blue shark was spotted close to the harbour.[40] On 16 July 2018, another blue shark was spotted in the harbour, prompting the Shark Trust to ask people to "give it plenty of space".[41][42]
Geography
Porthgwidden Beach
St Ives is on the western shore of St Ives Bay, its harbour sheltered by St Ives Island (a headland) and Smeaton's pier. Close to the harbour, in the old part of the town, the streets are narrow and uneven while its wider streets are in the newer parts of the town on rising ground.[8] The town has four beaches: Porthmeor a surfing beach, Porthgwidden a small sandy cove, Harbour by the working port and Porthminster which has almost half a mile of sand.[43] St Ives has an oceanic climate and has some of the mildest winters and warmest summers in Britain and Northern Europe. It is therefore a popular tourist resort in the summer, and also benefits from an amount of sunshine per year that is above the national average.[44] The South West Coast Path passes through the town.[45]
Tourism
The harbourfront in summer
St Ives has been a popular tourist destination since the St Ives Bay Line opened in 1877, allowing visitors to easily get to the town.[46] St Ives has been named the best UK seaside town by The Guardian in 2007,[7] and by the British Travel Awards in 2010 and 2011.[3][47] In 2020, St Ives was named the most expensive seaside resort in the UK.[48] The town has the second highest visitor-related spend in the UK, with tourists spending £85 million per year.[49] Around 540,000 day trippers and 220,000 staying tourists visit St Ives every year, with the tourism industry accounting for around 2,800 jobs in the area.[49]
Like in the rest of Cornwall, tourism has been criticised for bringing about problems in seasonal work and affordable housing in St Ives.[50][51] In 2016, St Ives residents voted to ban second-home owners from buying new build housing, with 83% in favour.[52] This came after average house prices in the town had been pushed up to over £320,000, almost 14 times the median annual earnings of someone in Cornwall. In 2019, the Financial Times reported that average house price was £351,800, saying that the new build policy had failed to stem the number of second homes.[53] St Ives also faces a shortage of rentals; in 2021, while there were over 1,000 properties in the town available for short-term holiday let, there was only one long-term house available to rent.[54]
Politics and administration
St Ives' local government administration has a two-tier structure, consisting of St Ives Town Council and Cornwall Council, both elected statutory bodies.[55][56]
The first tier of local government in St Ives is the Town Council, with a membership of 16 elected town councillors from three wards.[55][57] The council is responsible for providing grant funding to local organisations, public footpaths, bus shelters, beach patrols, traffic control and allotments. It is a statutory body which is consulted regarding planning decisions in the town's area and makes recommendations to the planning authority, Cornwall Council. It is based at St Ives Guildhall.[58]
Before 1974, St Ives Borough Council was the principal local authority for what now forms the civil parish of St Ives. Since the reform of local government in 1974, St Ives has an elected town council.[55] The area overseen by the Town Council of St Ives includes Lelant, Carbis Bay, Halsetown and St Ives. The elected town council members also become charter trustees of the original borough charter (for the duration of their term in office) which dates back to 1639 entitling them to carry out various ceremonial functions such as appointing a Mayor, awarding freedom of the borough to individuals, representing the Borough at formal occasions such as Remembrance Sunday wearing formal ceremonial robes and using the Coat of Arms. Typically, the Mayor of the Town of St Ives is also the Mayor of the Borough of St Ives. However, most of the other principal local authority functions for St Ives were undertaken by Penwith District Council and the Cornwall County Council. From 1 April 2009 Penwith and the other five Cornish district councils were replaced by a unified council, Cornwall Council.
Cornwall Council
Like St Ives Town Council, Cornwall Council is a statutory body incorporated by Act of Parliament. Cornwall Council is the second tier of local government in the area and is a unitary authority with a far wider range of powers. The Council deals with roads, street lighting, highways, social services, children and family care, schools and public libraries.[59] From 2009 to 2021, St Ives parish was covered by three divisions, so electing three of the 123 councillors on the council. Between 2009 and 2013, the parish was represented by the St Ives North, St Ives South and Lelant and Carbis Bay.[60] From 2013 to 2021, it was covered by the St Ives East, St Ives West and Lelant and Carbis Bay divisions.[61]
At the 2021 local elections, the number of councillors on Cornwall Council was decreased from 123 to 87.[62] St Ives parish is currently covered by two of these divisions, St Ives West and Towednack and St Ives East, Lelant and Carbis Bay. Both divisions elect one councillor.[63]
Religion
Methodist Church, Fore Street
St Ia's parish church is dedicated to Ia of Cornwall, an Irish holy woman of the 5th or 6th century, and St Andrew, the patron saint of fishermen.[64] In 1408 the townsmen attempted to get a papal bull to authorise the consecration of their church and cemetery, but they did not achieve this, so they continued without the rights of baptism or burial. However, they undertook the building of the present church between 1410 and 1434 as a chapel of ease, St Ives being within the parish of Lelant. They were able to obtain the right to a font in 1428 but consecration of the cemetery only in 1542. For over a century the vicars of Lelant had resisted demands from the inhabitants of St Ives and Towednack for the right of sepulture but in 1542 the right was granted so the vicars transferred their residence to St Ives and abandoned the vicarage of Lelant.[65] There was damage to the church in 1697 when a storm broke through the sea-wall and damaged the roof and a large window over the altar.[66]
There are chapels dedicated to St Nicholas on the headland of St Ives Island and St Leonard on the quay which were used by the fishermen and have been converted for other uses.[67] The former chapel of St Nicholas was partially demolished by the War Office in 1904[68] but rebuilt in 1909, possibly by E. H. Sedding, from the old materials. It is plain and rectangular and has since been converted into the New Gallery.
The Roman Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart and St Ia was built in 1909 to a design by A J C Scoles. There are also two Methodist chapels, one in Fore Street of 1831, and another of 1845 higher up the valley, and a Congregational chapel of 1800.[69]
J. M. W. Turner arrived in St Ives in 1811.[70] In 1884, James Whistler and Walter Sickert visited on the improved railway.[71]Bernard Leach and Shōji Hamada set up the Leach Pottery in 1920. Leach, who was a studio potter and art teacher[72] and is known as the "Father of British studio pottery",[73] learned pottery under the direction of Shigekichi Urano (Kenzan VI) in Japan where he also met Shōji Hamada. They promoted pottery from the point of view of Western and Eastern arts and philosophies. Leach produced work until 1972, and the Victoria and Albert Museum held an exhibition of his work in 1977.[74] The Leach Pottery remains operational and houses a small museum showcasing work by Leach and his students.[75]
Before the 1940s, most artists in St Ives and West Cornwall belonged to the St Ives Society of Artists, but events in the late 1940s led to a dispute between the abstract and figurative artists in the group.[citation needed] In 1948, the abstract faction broke away to form the Penwith Society of Artists led by Barbara Hepworth and Ben Nicholson.
In 1962 Frederick Spratt took a sabbatical in Britain for one year, where he lived and painted representationally in St Ives.[citation needed]
In 2010, a BBC Four film, The Art of Cornwall, presented by James Fox said that the St Ives artists "went on to produce some of the most exhilarating art of the twentieth century...for a few dazzling years this place was as famous as Paris, as exciting as New York and infinitely more progressive than London."[79] The programme explored the lives and works of the key figures and their contributions in establishing St Ives as a major centre of British art from the 1920s onwards.[80]
Museums
The Barbara Hepworth Museum and her sculpture garden are the responsibility of Tate St Ives.[81][82] It was the wish of the late sculptor to leave her work on public display in perpetuity.[82] The St Ives Museum has exhibits illustrating local history and culture, including mining, fishing, agriculture and domestic life.[83]
Festivals
Knill's Monument, near St Ives, commemorating the mayor, John Knill
John Knill, a former mayor, constructed the Knill Steeple, a granite monument overlooking the town. In 1797, Knill laid down instructions for the celebration of the Knill Ceremony, which was to take place every five years on 25 July (St James's Day). The ceremony involves the Mayor of St Ives, a customs officer, and a vicar accompanied by two widows and ten girls who should be the "daughters of fishermen, tinners, or seamen". The ceremonies used to have athletic games, called the "Knillian games", which included Cornish wrestling.[84][85][86]
A second celebration, of perhaps greater antiquity, is St Ives Feast, a celebration of the founding of St Ives by St Ia, which takes place on the Sunday and Monday nearest to 3 February each year. It includes a civic procession to Venton Ia, the well of St Ia, and other associated activities. It is one of the two surviving examples of Cornish Hurling (in a gentler format than its other manifestation at St Columb Major).
A third festival is the St Ives May Day, a modern revival of West Cornwall May Day celebrations that were once common throughout west Cornwall.
The St Ives September Festival celebrated its 30th anniversary in September 2008. It is one of the longest running and widest ranging Festivals of the Arts in the UK lasting for fifteen days and includes music (folk, jazz, rock, classical & world), poetry, film, talks and books. It was founded in 1978 as a joint venture by local entrepreneurs and the International Musicians Seminar. Many local artists open up their studios to allow visitors to see how their art is produced. There is free music in many pubs almost every night, and concerts.[87] Many events are held at the Western Hotel or St Ives Guildhall.[88] St Ives has a 500-seat theatre which hosts some of the festival events.[89]
Literature and popular culture
St Ives harbour and the sea beyond
Early-20th-century figures in St Ives appear in Virginia Woolf's reflections contained in "A Sketch of the Past", from Moments of Being, "... I could fill pages remembering one thing after another. All together made the summer at St. Ives the best beginning to life imaginable.[90] Her 1927 novel To the Lighthouse is said to have been influenced by the view from Talland House where she stayed with her parents on family holidays.[91]
Lauren St John's Dead Man's Cove is situated in St. Ives. The first in a series of books about an eleven-year-old girl called Laura Marlin, who becomes a detective.
The St Ives Literature Festival is an annual week-long event, started in 2008, in May. Open air performances are held in Norway Square and the St Ives Arts Club, as well as talks, workshops and live music.[93]
Film and TV
In 1978/1979 the town, the pub The Sloop Inn and Barnoon Cemetery were filmed and appeared in Jerry Jameson's film Raise the Titanic released in 1980.[94] The final scenes with Alec Guinness were meant to have occurred in a local church but a unusually strong storm a few days earlier had damaged the building rendering it unsuitable for filming.
In 1989, a public television crew from Alaska shot scenes for a docudrama about American artist Sydney Mortimer Laurence (1865-1940), who was a member of the St. Ives Arts Club in the late 19th century. Several St. Ives residents, in period costumes, appeared as extras in the production. "Laurence of Alaska," which won two regional Emmy Awards, was produced by KAKM, Alaska Public Television, and later aired on public stations across the U.S.[95]
Local radio stations are BBC Radio Cornwall on 103.9 FM, Heart West on 107.0 FM, and Coast FM, a community radio station that broadcast to the town on 96.5 FM.
St Ives railway station is linked to the Paddington to Penzance main rail route via the St Ives branch line which runs frequent services from St Erth. The line was opened in 1877 by the St Ives branch railway, but became part of the Great Western Railway in 1878. Before 2019, the park & ride facility for visitors to St Ives ran from Lelant Saltings railway station. The station had been opened on 27 May 1978 specifically for this purpose. After development works at St Erth station in 2019 to improve transport links, the park and ride was moved there. The branchline also links the St Ives to nearby Carbis Bay and Lelant.
John Noble Barlow (1861–1917) English artist, predominantly as a landscape and seascape painter, lived in St Ives from 1892.
William Williams (1877 in Cornwall – 1906) was the last person executed in Minnesota, USA. The circumstances of his execution helped lead to the abolition of capital punishment in Minnesota.
Percy Lane Oliver (1878–1944) from St Ives was the founder of the first voluntary blood donor service in 1921.
Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) English novelist, spent much of her childhood here with her family between 1882 and 1894.
Warwick Ward (1891 in St Ives – 1967) English actor and film producer, appearing in 64 films between 1919 and 1933; he produced 19 films between 1931 and 1958.
Since 1900
Mabel Lethbridge (1900–1968) Youngest person to receive a British Empire Medal, after she was severely injured when a shell exploded in a munition factory in the Great War. Lived in St Ives from 1945 as a writer.
Barbara Hepworth (1903–1975) English Modernism artist and sculptor. Lived and worked in St Ives from 1949.
Sven Berlin (1911–1999) English painter, fiction writer and sculptor, lived and worked in St Ives from 1938 to 1953.
George Lloyd (1913 in St Ives – 1998) was a British composer of part Welsh and part American ancestry.
Margaret Mellis (1914–2009) British artist, one of the early members and last survivors of the group of modernist artists in St Ives
Bryan Wynter (1915 – 1975) one of the St Ives group of painters, working mainly abstract, drawing upon nature
Peter Lanyon (1918 in St Ives – 1964) a Cornish painter of landscapes, leaning heavily towards abstract art
Patrick Heron (1920 – 1999) British abstract and figurative artist, lived in Zennor.
^ abLewis, Samuel (1848), "Ives, St. – Ixworth-Thorpe", A Topographical Dictionary of England, British History Online, pp. 30–33, retrieved 25 March 2012
^Mills, A. D. (1996). The Popular Dictionary of English Place-Names. Parragon Book Service Ltd and Magpie Books. p. 282.
^"Pedn Olva Mine (Pednolver Mine; North Wheal Providence), St Ives, Cornwall, England, UK". mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. Retrieved 22 June 2021. An old copper mine, which probably was first worked in the 18th century, when an adit was driven westwards under St Ives town from Pedn Olva Point. In 1822-23, the driving of the adit was resumed, and a shaft and several winzes were sunk. At a distance of 95 fms from its mouth, the adit intersected with a lode that was believed to be one of the St Ives Consols lode. In 1859, the North Wheal Providence Mining Company was formed to work the property, and "Old Wheal Trenwith", the eastern section of Wheal Trenwith, was included with the sett. An engine shaft was sunk, and a cross-cut was commenced from adit level to connect with the Wheal Trenwith lode, but this was still not completed when the company ran out of money in 1861. In 1862, a limited company was formed to work the property, but this was started to wind up in 1863 and liquidated until 1873. When the working of Wheal Trenwith was resumed by St Ives Consolidated Mines, the Pedn Olva adit was explored, but no further development was carried out. The engine house, which once stood on top of the cliff at Pedn Olva Point, was demolished in the early 20th century. Its staircase was incorporated in the Pednolva Hotel, which now occupies its site.
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