Ho was the founder and chairman of Shun Tak Holdings, through which he owned many businesses including entertainment, tourism, shipping, real estate, banking, and air transport. It is estimated that his businesses employ almost one-fourth of the workforce of Macau.[5] Apart from Hong Kong and Macau, he also invested in mainland China, Portugal, North Korea where he operated a casino, Vietnam, the Philippines, Mozambique, Indonesia and East Timor.
His opinions and statements on Hong Kong's real estate and commercial development had considerable sway on the market. In his later years, he had been involved in litigation with his sister, Winnie Ho, concerning the ownership of the Macau casino. Having suffered a stroke in July 2009, followed by a long period of recovery, Ho began steps in late 2010 to devolve his grip on his financial empire to his various wives and children. Ho died on 26 May 2020 at the Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital.[6][7]
Early life
He was of Chinese, Dutch-Jewish and English ancestry. Ho was descended from his great-grandfather, Charles Henry Maurice Bosman (1839–1892), who was of Dutch Jewish ancestry,[8] and his Chinese mistress, Sze Tai (施娣) a local Bao'an (present-day Shenzhen and Hong Kong) woman. His grandfather was Ho Fook (何福), brother of the merchant Sir Robert Ho Tung.[9]: 187, 195 Ho was the ninth of thirteen children of Ho Sai-kwong (何世光).[10]
Education
Ho studied at Queen's College, Hong Kong, at which he attended Class D - the lowest class level in the then Hong Kong Class System - owing to unsatisfactory academic results.[11] However, he later received a scholarship to the University of Hong Kong.[12] He became the first student from Class D to be granted a university scholarship. His university studies were cut short by the outbreak of World War II in 1942.[13] Following the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, Ho moved to Macau.[14]: 9
Ho began clerical work at a Japanese-owned import-export firm in Macau. He made his first fortune smuggling luxury goods and food[14]: 9 across the Chinese border from Macau during World War II.[15] In 1943 he set up a kerosene company and established a construction company with his money.
Ho, along with partners including Hong Kong tycoon Henry Fok, Macau gambler Yip Hon and his brother-in-law Teddy Yip, bid for Macau franchises. By bidding high and promising to promote tourism and to develop infrastructure, they won the public tender for Macau's gaming monopoly license in 1961, for US$410,000, of which US$51,000 was provided by Henry Fok. [16] defeating the long-time Macau casino barons, the Fu family, by MOP 17,000.[17] In 1961 the company was renamed Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau, S.A.R.L. (STDM).
In late 1962, Ho opened the Estoril Hotel, Macau's first luxury casino resort.[14]: 9
In the 1980s, Ho pioneered the practice of subcontracting private gambling rooms in his casinos to independent agents.[14]: 9 The practice developed in response to Triads' practice of buying hydrofoil tickets to scalp to tourists.[14]: 9 Ho's practice developed as an alternative, which would allow Triad agents direct access to his casinos instead via commissions on sales of casino chips to gamblers.[14]: 9 This practice evolved into the VIP contractual system known as the junket trade.[14]: 9
Ho's investments in Macau were diverse. In 1989, after STDM took full control of the Macau Jockey Club, Ho became its chairman and chief executive officer.
In 1998 Ho became the first living Macanese resident to have a local street named after him. He also launched Asia's first football and basketball lottery, called SLOT.[20]
Ho was named by the Canadian Government, citing the Manila Standard newspaper, as having a link to the Kung Lok Triad (Chinese mafia) and as being linked to "several illegal activities" during the period 1999–2002.[21] Ho's alleged ties to Chinese organized crime have also been reported by the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement, citing a U.S. Senate committee and several government agencies, when the state investigated his ties to American casino operator MGM Mirage.[22]
Positions held
Business
Bust of Stanley Ho at the Fundação Oriente, Lisbon.
Chairman Emeritus without directorship, Shun Tak Holdings Limited (信德集團)[23]
Ho had 17 children born to four women. Ho referred to his children's mothers as his wives.[37]Polygamy remained legal in Hong Kong until 1971.[38]
In 1942, Ho married Clementina Ângela Leitão, from the prestigious Portuguese Leitão family[14]: 9 (Chinese:黎登)– her grandfather was a lawyer and Macau's only notary public at the time. They had four children. Leitão was involved in a motor vehicle accident in 1973, and suffered partial memory loss as a result. In 1981, Ho's and Leitão's son Robert and daughter-in-law Suki Potier died in a car accident. Clementina Leitão Ho died in 2004 and was buried in the St. Michael the Archangel Cemetery (Portuguese: Cemitério São Miguel Arcanjo).
In the late 1950s, Ho met Lucina Azul Jean Ying née Laam King-ying (藍瓊纓) and began a relationship. This union was recognized in Macau and Hong Kong at that time due to legacy rulings from the Great Qing Legal Code of the Chinese Qing Dynasty. The relationship resulted in five children including daughters Daisy Ho, to whom Ho ceded the chairmanship of SJM,[28] and Pansy Ho, a 50 percent partner in MGM Macau; son Lawrence Ho, CEO of Melco Crown Entertainment Ltd, another Macau-based casino company; and Josie Ho (何超儀), a rock singer and award-winning actress. Lucina's family now resides in Canada.
Ho began a relationship with Ina Chan in 1985. This union is not legitimate by laws in either Hong Kong or Macau. Ho's wife Clementina Leitão needed constant nursing care following her car accident, and Ina Chan was one of the nurses brought in to look after Leitão. Ho and Chan have three children together; Laurinda Ho, Florinda Ho, and Orlando Ho.
In 1988, Ho met Angela Leong On-kei when she was his dance instructor. The couple had four children together:[38]Sabrina Ho, Arnaldo Ho, Mario Ho and Alice Ho.[39] Leong is now an incumbent member of the Legislative Assembly in Macau.
In late July 2009, Ho suffered a fall at his home that required brain surgery. For seven months Ho was confined to the Hong Kong Adventist Hospital and, later, the Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, during which period he made only one public appearance, on 20 December 2009, when he travelled to Macau to meet Chinese president Hu Jintao on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of Macau's return to Chinese sovereignty.[40] Ho was discharged from the Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital on 6 March 2010 and thereafter employed a wheelchair.[41]
Philanthropy
Qing relics
In 2003, Ho donated a Qing dynasty bronze boar's head to China's Poly Art Museum, a state-run organisation that aims to develop, display, rescue and protect Chinese cultural relics. The boar's head is part of a collection of twelve looted from the imperial Summer Palace in
Beijing in 1860 when it was sacked and burnt by the French and British armies.[42] On 21 September 2007, Ho donated to the Chinese government a Qing dynasty bronze sculpture of a horse's head originally taken from the Old Summer Palace. Ho had reportedly just purchased it from a Taiwanese businessman for US$8.84 million.[43]
Lanceford dispute
In late January 2011, a dispute erupted among his wives and children involving the transfer of ownership of his private holding company, Lanceford.[44] On 27 December Lanceford allotted 9,998 new shares, representing 99.98 per cent of its enlarged share capital, to two British Virgin Islands companies: Action Winner Holdings Ltd, wholly owned by third wife, Ina, holding 50.55 per cent and Ranillo Investments Ltd, equally held by each of Laam's five children, holding the balance. The allotment document filed with the Registrar of Companies was signed by Laam's daughter Daisy.[45]
Ho issued proceedings in the High Court, naming its directors – 11 defendants, including his second and third wives, and children Pansy and Lawrence Ho, alleging the group "improperly and/or illegally" acted in changing the share structure. The writ sought an injunction restraining the defendants from selling or disposing any of the 9,998 new shares in the company. The two British Virgin Islands companies were also named in the writ. Ho said his intention from the outset was to divide his assets equally among his families and that the actions of the directors of Lanceford effectively eliminated this possibility, according to a statement issued by his lawyer Gordon Oldham.[46]
Amidst confusion caused by conflicting statements from Ho and his wives and children about the state of the dispute, Ho, through Oldham – who had been allegedly sacked and rehired within the space of a few days – said he had been pressured to make public statements and sign legal documents without him being fully apprised of their contents.[46]
Ho was in poor health in his last years, and stayed in hospital after his health deteriorated following a stroke in 2009.[53] On 25 May 2020, Ho was reported to be in a critical condition,[54] and he died at the Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital on 26 May 2020, at around 1 pm local time.[6][55] He was 98.[56]
In popular culture
It Could Happen Here - The Macau Tycoon : 1991 television film, portrayed by Jackie Lui Chung Yin.
Order of precedence
Preceded byEdward LeongRecipient of the Grand Bauhinia Medal
Hong Kong order of precedenceRecipient of the Grand Bauhinia Medal
Succeeded byVictor FungRecipient of the Grand Bauhinia Medal
