The State Elder (Estonian: riigivanem), sometimes also translated as Head of State, was the official title of the Estonian head of state from 1920 to 1937.^[1] He combined some of the functions held by a president and prime minister in most other democracies.

According to the 1920 Estonian Constitution, which was enforced by the “Constitution of the Republic of Estonia, the Referendum Act and the Citizens’s Initiative Act Implementation Act“ on July 2, 1920, after being approved by the Constituent Assembly on June 16, 1920 (Riigi Teataja August 9, 1920 No. 113/114), the Government of the Republic consisted of the riigivanem (State Elder) and Ministers (Section 58).

The responsibilities of the State Elder were representing the Republic of Estonia, administration and co-ordination of the activities of the Government of the Republic, chairing the Government meetings; the State Elder had the right to make inquiries about the activities of the Ministers (Section 62). The Government of the Republic appointed one of its members the Deputy of the Elder of State.

In practice, the State Elder had very little power. The 1920 constitution was radically parliamentarian in character, and the State Elder could be voted out of office at any time. This limited his ability to play a balancing role between the government and the legislature.

With the 1934 constitution, the institution saw a reform and it became the equivalent of a president only as a separate head of government was to be elected. The 1934 coup by Konstantin Päts resulted in the institution never coming to real life as he ruled as the Prime Minister in Duties of the State Elder until 1937.

State Elders of the Republic of Estonia, 1920–1934

Portrait		Name	Term of office			Political party	Cabinet	Riigikogu (Election)
			Took office	Left office	Days
The 1920 Constitution replaced the office of Prime Minister.
1		Ants Piip (1884–1942) 1st State Elder	20 December 1920	25 January 1921	92	Labour Party (ETE)	Piip ETE	Constituent Assembly (1919)
2		Konstantin Päts (1874–1956) 2nd State Elder	25 January 1921	21 November 1922	666	Farmers' Assemblies (PK)	Päts I PK–ETE–ERE–KRE PK–(ETE)–ERE–KRE PK–ERE–KRE [Note 1]	I (1920)
3		Juhan Kukk (1885–1942) 3rd State Elder	21 November 1922	2 August 1923	255	Labour Party (ETE)	Kukk ETE–PK–ERE ETE–PK–(ERE) [Note 2]
4		Konstantin Päts (1874–1956) 4th State Elder (2nd term)	2 August 1923	26 March 1924	238	Farmers' Assemblies (PK)	Päts II PK–KRE–ERE–ETE PK–KRE–ERE–(ETE) PK–KRE–ERE [Note 3]	II (1923)
5		Friedrich Karl Akel (1871–1941) 5th State Elder	26 March 1924	16 December 1924	266	Christian People's Party (KRE)	Akel KRE–ETE–ERE
6		Jüri Jaakson (1870–1942) 6th State Elder	16 December 1924	15 December 1925	365	People's Party (ERE)	Jaakson ERE–PK–ESDTP–ETE–KRE ERE–PK–ESTP–ETE–KRE [Note 4]
7		Jaan Teemant (1872–1941?) 7th State Elder	15 December 1925	23 July 1926	725	Farmers' Assemblies (PK)	Teemant I PK–ETE–KRE–ARVK PK–ETE–KRE–ARVK–RVP [Note 5]
			23 July 1926	4 March 1927			Teemant II PK–ARVK–KRE–ERE–ÜMSL	III (1926)
			4 March 1927	9 December 1927			Teemant III PK–ARVK–ERE–KRE–ÜMSL
8		Jaan Tõnisson (1868–1941?) 8th State Elder	9 December 1927	4 December 1928	362	People's Party (ERE)	Tõnisson III ERE–PK–ARVK–ETE
9		August Rei (1886–1963) 9th State Elder	4 December 1928	9 July 1929	218	Socialist Workers' Party (ESTP)	Rei ESTP–ARVK–ETE–KRE
10		Otto August Strandman (1875–1941) 10th State Elder	9 July 1929	12 February 1931	584	Labour Party (ETE)	Strandman II ETE–ARVK–PK–KRE–ERE	IV (1929)
11		Konstantin Päts (1874–1956) 11th State Elder (3rd term)	12 February 1931	19 February 1932	373	Farmers' Assemblies (PK)	Päts III PK–ERE–ESTP PK–ERE/(KRE)–ESTP PK/(PAVK)–ERE/(KRE)–ESTP PK/(PAVK)–RKE–ESTP [Note 6]
12		Jaan Teemant (1872–1941?) 12th State Elder (2nd term)	19 February 1932	19 July 1932	152	Farmers' Assemblies (PK)	Teemant IV PK/PAVK–RKE ÜPE–RKE [Note 7]
						United Farmers' Party (ÜPE)
13		Karl August Einbund (later Kaarel Eenpalu) (1888–1942) 13th State Elder	19 July 1932	1 November 1932	106	United Farmers' Party (ÜPE)	Einbund I ÜPE–RKE [Note 8]	V (1932)
14		Konstantin Päts (1874–1956) 14th State Elder (4th term)	1 November 1932	18 May 1933	199	United Farmers' Party (ÜPE)	Päts IV ÜPE–RKE–ESTP
15		Jaan Tõnisson (1868–1941?) 15th State Elder (2nd term)	18 May 1933	21 October 1933	157	National Centre Party (RKE)	Tõnisson IV RKE–ÜPE
16		Konstantin Päts (1874–1956) 16th State Elder (5th term)	21 October 1933	24 January 1934	1,647	Farmers' Assemblies (PK) [Note 9]	Päts V non-party coalition [Note 10]
The 1934 Constitution divided the office of State Elder between a new office called State Elder and a Prime Minister.

Acting State Elder of the Republic of Estonia, 1934–1937

Portrait		Name	Term of office			Political party	Cabinet	Riigikogu (Election)	Separate head of government
			Took office	Left office	Days
The 1934 Constitution divided the office of State Elder between a new office called State Elder and a Prime Minister.
—		Konstantin Päts (1874–1956) 6th Prime Minister (in duties of the State Elder)	24 January 1934	3 September 1937	1,319	Farmers' Assemblies (PK) [Note 11]	Päts V non-party coalition [Note 10]	V (1932)	Prime Minister in duties of the State Elder Konstantin Päts
						None [Note 12]		Parliament disbanded [Note 13]
The Amendment Act of the 1938 Constitution temporarily merged the offices of State Elder and Prime Minister into President-Regent.