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In the federal system of the Federal Republic of Germany, the state parliaments embody the legislative power in the sixteen states. In thirteen of the sixteen German states, the state parliament is known as the Landtag (an old German term that roughly means state parliament). In the states Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, the state parliament is called Bürgerschaft (Citizenry), in Berlin it is called Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Representatives).

Election process, constitutional functions and powers

As the German constitution (Basic Law) defines the Federal Republic of Germany as a federation, each German state has its own constitution. The Basic Law gives the states a broad discretion to determine their respective state structure, only stating that each German state has to be a social and democratic republic under the rule of law and that the people in every state must have an elected representation, without giving further details (Article 28.1). Theoretically, this allows for a considerable range of democratic forms of government like a parliamentary system, a directorial republican system, mixed forms such as a semi-presidential republic or a presidential system (only constitutional monarchies are excluded by the provision). In practice, all states are parliamentary republics in which the legislative branch of government is assigned to an elected parliament and the executive branch of government is subject to parliamentary confidence. Since the abolition of the Bavarian Senate in 1999, all sixteen state parliaments are unicameral.

Among the most important functions of the state parliaments are the election of the Minister-President, the control of the state government and the adoption of state laws. They have no influence on federal legislation, but indirectly participate in the election of the President of Germany by electing state electors to the Federal Convention.

In terms of these functions, the state parliaments work very similarly. However, there are also some significant differences between the states. This begins with the electoral system: Similar to federal elections, many states use a mixed-member proportional representation system in which each voter casts one vote for a constituency candidate and a second vote determines the proportional share of seats. However, this is not the case in all states, the main exception being Baden-Württemberg, which uses a complex first-past-the-post voting system in which seats are allocated to "lucky-loser" candidates in addition to the elected constituency candidates in order to establish proportionality. In all states there is a 5%-threshold which must be exceeded for a party to be considered in the proportional distribution of seats, although in Bremen it is sufficient to exceed the threshold in only one of the two cities that make up the state (Bremen City and Bremerhaven). The electoral system of some states also includes a basic mandate clause which allows parties to be taken into account in the proportional distribution of seats regardless of the 5%-threshold if they win a certain number of constituencies. As at the federal level, parties representing national minorities are excluded from both the 5%-threshold and the basic mandate clause. This provision is of particular importance in Schleswig-Holstein, where the SSW, a party which represents the minorities of Danes and Frisians, regularly participates in state elections.

In contrast to the Bundestag on federal level, most states have adopted legislative periods of five years, the only exception being Bremen, which still uses four-year-terms (a cross-party attempt to introduce five-year-terms was defeated in a referendum in 2017[1]). Another difference to the Bundestag are the conditions for early new elections: While the Bundestag does not have the right of self-dissolution and can only be dissolved by the President of Germany (and even this only under certain conditions which are precisely defined in the Basic Law), the state parliaments have the right of self-dissolution (even if the procedure differs according to the state constitutions). In addition to this, some state constitutions also provide for an automatic dissolution of the parliament in certain parliamentary deadlock-situations and in some states, the parliament can also be dissolved by a referendum. Neither an automatic dissolution nor a dissolution by referendum has ever happened in any state, though. In October 2021, an attempt to bring about a referendum about the dissolution of the Bavaria state parliamtent failed; the request was supported by 204,135 citizens eligible to vote, thus clearly failing to meet the threshold of one million signatures of support necessary to call a referendum.

State Name Election system Threshold conditions Seats Term Premature dissolution procedures
Baden-Württemberg[2] Landtag of Baden-Württemberg first-past-the-post in 70 constituencies with at least 50 "lucky loser"-seats (Zweitmandate) at the administrative district level, in order to achieve proportional representation 5% of votes statewide 120+ 5 years -self dissolution (motion must be tabled by at least one quarter and accepted by at least two-thirds of members)
-referendum (request must be made by at least one sixth of the state population eligible to vote and must be accepted by a majority of the population eligible to vote)
Free State of Bavaria Landtag of Bavaria mixed-member proportional representation with two votes (both votes counting towards proportional representation) 5% of votes statewide 180+ 5 years -self dissolution (simple motion sufficient)
-referendum (request must be made by at least one million citizens eligible to vote and must be accepted by a simple majority)
-automatic dissolution (if the Landtag fails to elect a Minister-President within four weeks after a vacancy occurred)
Berlin[3][4] House of Representatives of Berlin mixed-member proportional representation with two votes 5% of second votes statewide
or
one constituency		 130+ 5 years -self dissolution (motion must be accepted by two-thirds of members)
-referendum (state constitution does not specify details)
Brandenburg Landtag of Brandenburg mixed-member proportional representation with two votes 5% of second votes statewide
or
one constituency		 88+ (maximum of 110) 5 years -self dissolution (motion must be accepted by two-thirds of members)
Free Hanseatic City of Bremen[5] Bürgerschaft of Bremen Personalized proportional representation with cumulative voting and panachage (five votes) in two separate voting areas (Bremen City and Bremerhaven) 5% of votes in one of the two voting areas 87 (72 for Bremen City and 15 for Bremerhaven) 4 years -self dissolution (motion must be tabled by at least one third and must be accepted by at least two-thirds of members)
-referendum (request must be made by at least one fifth of the state population eligible to vote and must be accepted by a majority of the population eligible to vote)
Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg Bürgerschaft of Hamburg Personalized proportional representation with cumulative voting and panachage on state level and in multi member constituencies (10 votes: 5 for state lists, 5 for constituency candidates) 5% of state list-votes 121+ 5 years -self dissolution (motion must be tabled by at least one quarter and must be accepted by a majority of members)
Hesse Landtag of Hesse mixed-member proportional representation with two votes 5% of second votes statewide 110+ 5 years -self dissolution (motion must be accepted by a majority of members)
Lower Saxony Landtag of Lower Saxony mixed-member proportional representation with two votes 5% of second votes statewide 135+ 5 years -self dissolution (the state constitution defines two scenarios for a self dissolution: [A] one third of members may table a motion of self dissolution, which must be accepted by two-thirds of members present, who have to equal at least a majority of all members [Art. 10]. [B] Nonwithstanding variant A, the Landtag may dissolve itself with a majority of members, if it has failed to elect a Minister-President within 21 days after a vacancy occurred – alternatively it may elect a Minister-President with a plurality of votes [Art. 30])
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern mixed-member proportional representation with two votes 5% of second votes statewide 71+ 5 years -self dissolution (the state constitution defines two scenarios for a self dissolution: [A] one third of members may table a motion of self dissolution, which must be accepted by two-thirds of members [Art. 42.2]. [B] Nonwithstanding variant A, the Landtag may dissolve itself with a majority of members, if it has failed to elect a Minister-President within 28 days after a vacancy occurred – alternatively it may elect a Minister-President with a plurality of votes [Art. 30])
North Rhine-Westphalia Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia mixed-member proportional representation with two votes 5% of second votes statewide 181+ 5 years -self dissolution (motion must accepted by a majority of members)
Rhineland-Palatinate Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate mixed-member proportional representation with two votes 5% of second votes statewide 101+ 5 years -self dissolution (simple motion)
-automatic dissolution (if a motion of no confidence against the Minister-President has been successful and the Landtag fails to elect a new office-holder within four weeks)
Saarland Landtag of Saarland proportional representation with one vote, which counts both for a list in a multi member constituency and a state list 5% of votes statewide 51(+?)[a] 5 years -self dissolution (motion must be accepted by two-thirds of members)
-automatic dissolution (if a motion of no confidence against the Minister-President has been successful and the Landtag fails to elect a new office-holder within four weeks)
Free State of Saxony Landtag of Saxony mixed-member proportional representation with two votes 5% of second votes statewide
or
two constituencies		 120+ 5 years -self dissolution (motion must be accepted by two-thirds of members)
-automatic dissolution (if the Landtag fails to elect a Minister-President within four months after a vacancy occurred)
Saxony-Anhalt Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt mixed-member proportional representation with two votes 5% of second votes statewide 83+ 5 years -self dissolution (the state constitution defines two scenarios for a self dissolution: [A] one fourth of members may table a self dissolution motion, which has to be accepted by two-thirds of members. This is however not possible during the first six months of a legislative period [Art. 60]. [B] Nonwithstanding variant A, the Landtag may dissolve itself with a majority of members, if it has failed to elect a Minister-President on the first two ballots – alternatively it may elect a Minister-President with a plurality of votes on the third ballot [Art. 65.2])
Schleswig-Holstein Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein mixed-member proportional representation with two votes 5% of second votes statewide
or
one constituency		 69+ 5 years -self dissolution (motion must be accepted by at least two-thirds of members)
Free State of Thuringia Landtag of Thuringia mixed-member proportional representation with two votes 5% of second votes statewide 88+ 5 years -self dissolution (motion must be tabled by at least one third and must be accepted by at least two-thirds of members)
-automatic dissolution (if the Minister-President has lost a confidence motion and the Landtag fails to elect a new Minister-President within 21 days)
  1. ^ The electoral system of Saarland has a regulatory gap for the (unlikely but theoretically possible) case that a party is proportionally entitled to more seats in the multi member constituencies than would be the case on state level. The election law code does not state, whether this would lead to overhang or even compensation seats or whether the relevant party would lose its entitlement to the overhang mandates.[6]

List of state parliaments

Plenar hall Name Legislative
period		 Diagram President Last election Next election[7]
Coat of arms of Baden-Württemberg
Baden-Württemberg 		Landtag 17th
19
58
18
42
17
 Muhterem Aras
Alliance 90/The Greens
since 11 May 2016 		2021 2026
Government (100)
  Alliance 90/The Greens (58)
  CDU (42)
Opposition (54)
  SPD (19)
  FDP (18)
  AfD (17)
Coat of arms of Bavaria
Free State of Bavaria 		Landtag 19th
17
32
85
37
32
 Ilse Aigner
CSU
since 5 November 2018 		2023 2028
Government (122)
  CSU (85)
  Free Voters (37)
Opposition (81)
  AfD (32)
  Alliance 90/The Greens (32)
  SPD (17)
Coat of arms of Berlin
Berlin 		Abgeordnetenhaus 19th
21
34
34
52
16
2
 Cornelia Seibeld
CDU
since 16 March 2023 		(2021)
2023[a] 		2026
Government (86)
  CDU (52)
  SPD (34)
Opposition (73)
  Alliance 90/The Greens (34)
  The Left (21)
  AfD (16)
  Non-inscrits (2)
Coat of arms of Brandenburg
Brandenburg 		Landtag 7th
10
25
10
15
24
4
 Ulrike Liedtke
SPD
since 25 September 2019 		2019 2024
Government (50)
  SPD (25)
  CDU (15)
  Alliance 90/The Greens (10)
Opposition (38)
  AfD (24)
  The Left (10)
  Non-inscrits (4)
Coat of arms of Bremen
Free Hanseatic City of Bremen 		Bürgerschaft 21st
10
27
10
5
24
9
2
 Antje Grotheer
SPD
since 29 June 2023 (second term)
27 March 2019–3 July 2019 (first term) 		2023 2027
Government (47)
  SPD (27)
  Alliance 90/The Greens (10)
  The Left (10)
Opposition (40)
  CDU (24)
  Bündnis Deutschland (9)
  FDP (5)
  Non-inscrits (2)
Coat of arms of Hamburg
Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg 		Bürgerschaft 22nd
12
53
33
15
6
4
 Carola Veit
SPD
since 23 March 2011 		2020 2025
Government (86)
  SPD (53)
  Alliance 90/The Greens (33)
Opposition (37)
  CDU (15)
  The Left (12)
  AfD (6)
  Non-inscrits (4)
Coat of arms of Hesse
Hesse 		Landtag 21st
23
22
8
52
28
 Astrid Wallmann
since 31 May 2022 		2023 2028
Government (75)
  CDU (52)
  SPD (23)
Opposition (58)
  AfD (28)
  Alliance 90/The Greens (22)
  FDP (8)
Coat of arms of Hesse
Lower Saxony 		Landtag 19th
57
24
47
18
 Hanna Naber
SPD
since 8 November 2022 		2022 2027
Government (81)
  SPD (57)
  Alliance 90/The Greens (24)
Opposition (65)
  CDU (47)
  AfD (18)
Coat of arms of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 		Landtag 8th
9
34
5
5
12
14
 Birgit Hesse
SPD
since 22 May 2019 		2021 2026
Government (43)
  SPD (34)
  The Left (9)
Opposition (36)
  AfD (14)
  CDU (12)
  Alliance 90/The Greens (5)
  FDP (5)
North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia 		Landtag 18th
56
39
12
76
11
1
 André Kuper
CDU
since 1 June 2017 		2022 2027
Government (115)
  CDU (76)
  Alliance 90/The Greens (39)
Opposition (80)
  SPD (56)
  FDP (12)
  AfD (11)
  Non-inscrits (1)
Coat of arms of Rhineland-Palatinate
Rhineland-Palatinate 		Landtag 18th
39
9
6
31
6
8
2
 Hendrik Hering
SPD
since 18 May 2016 		2021 2026
Government (55)
  SPD (39)
  Alliance 90/The Greens (9)
  FDP (6)
Opposition (46)
  CDU (31)
  AfD (8)
  Free Voters (6)
  Non-inscrits (2)
Coat of arms of Saarland
Saarland 		Landtag 17th
29
19
3
 Heike Becker
SPD
since 25 April 2022 		2022 2027
Government (29)
  SPD (29)
Opposition (22)
  CDU (19)
  AfD (3)
Coat of arms of Saxony
Free State of Saxony 		Landtag 7th
14
10
12
45
35
3
1
 Matthias Rößler
CDU
since 29 September 2009 		2019 2024
Government (67)
  CDU (45)
  Alliance 90/The Greens (12)
  SPD (10)
Opposition (52)
  AfD (35)
  The Left (14)
  Non-inscrits (3)

  Empty seat (1)[b]
Coat of arms of Saxony-Anhalt
Saxony-Anhalt 		Landtag 8th
12
9
6
7
40
23
 Gunnar Schellenberger
CDU
since 6 July 2021 		2021 2026
Government (56)
  CDU (40)
  SPD (9)
  FDP (7)
Opposition (41)
  AfD (23)
  The Left (12)
  Alliance 90/The Greens (6)
Coat of arms of Schlewswig-Holstein
Schleswig-Holstein 		Landtag 20th
12
14
4
5
34
 Kristina Herbst
CDU
since 07 May 2022 		2022 2027
Government (48)
  CDU (34)
  Alliance 90/The Greens (14)
Opposition (21)
  SPD (12)
  FDP (5)
  SSW (4)
Coat of arms of Thuringia
Free State of Thuringia 		Landtag 7th
29
8
5
4
21
19
4
 Birgit Pommer
The Left
since 26 November 2019 		2019 2024
Government (42)
  The Left (29)
  SPD (8)
  Alliance 90/The Greens (5)
Opposition (48)
  AfD (19)
  CDU (21)
  FDP (4)[c]
  Non-inscrits (4)
  1. ^ On 16 November 2022, the Constitutional Court of Berlin declared the 2021 Berlin state election invalid due to irregularities. The election had to be repeated with the same lists and candidates within 90 days, resulting in a repeat election on 12 February 2023. Since this was a repeat election, the legislative period continues as scheduled and the next regular Berlin state election will be held in 2026.
  2. ^ According to their vote-share in the 2019 election, the AfD would be entitled to an additional seat, but their list was cut short after the 30th position before the election due to irregularities in the candidate-appointment and only eight of the party's constituency candidates, who did not also run on the state list, were successful. Therefore, one seat of the Landtag will remain empty.
  3. ^ The standing rules of the Thuringia state parliament require a parliamentary group, to consist of at least five MPs; because one MP left the FDP group in the summer of 2021, the party now enjoys only a reduced small-group status, which nevertheless grants the party more rights than non-inscrit MPs, e.g. representation in committees.[8]

Groupings

Main article: Group status in German state parliaments

References

  1. ^ "Volksentscheid und Bundestagwahl: So hat Bremen abgestimmt – WESER-KURIER". 25 September 2017.
  2. ^ "Verfassung des Landes Baden-Württemberg".
  3. ^ "Verfassung von Berlin – Abschnitt III: Die Volksvertretung". March 2016.
  4. ^ "Wahlsystem der Abgeordnetenhauswahl 2016 in Berlin".
  5. ^ "Wahlsystem der Bürgerschaftswahl 2019 in Bremen (#HBWahl)".
  6. ^ "Regelungslücke im saarländischen Landeswahlgesetz".
  7. ^ "Wahltermine in Deutschland (2021, 2022 usw.)".
  8. ^ "Thüringer FDP-Abgeordnete müssen als "Gruppe" Einschnitte befürchten | MDR.DE".
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