In navigation, a state vector is a set of data describing exactly where an object is located in space, and how it is moving.

Mathematical representation

A state vector typically will contain seven elements: three position coordinates, three velocity terms, and the time at which these values were valid.^{[citation needed]} Mathematically, in order to describe positions in a N-dimensional space (${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{N))$) then a state vector ${\displaystyle {\textbf {x))}$ belongs to ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2N))$:

$${\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (t)={\begin{bmatrix}x_{1}(t)\\x_{2}(t)\\x_{3}(t)\\v_{1}(t)\\v_{2}(t)\\v_{3}(t)\end{bmatrix))}$$

or simply

$${\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (t)={\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {r} (t)\\\mathbf {v} (t)\end{bmatrix))}$$

where ${\displaystyle \mathbf {r} ={\begin{bmatrix}x_{1}&x_{2}&x_{3}\end{bmatrix))^{\mathsf {T))}$ is the position vector and ${\displaystyle \mathbf {v} ={\dot {\mathbf {r} ))={\begin{bmatrix}v_{1}&v_{2}&v_{3}\end{bmatrix))^{\mathsf {T))}$ is the velocity vector.

Since there is freedom to choose coordinate systems for position, a state vector may also be expressed in a variety of coordinate systems (e.g. the North east down coordinate system).