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((Short description|Type of manufacturing that pours steel into net or near-net shapes))
((multipleissues|
((original research|date=April 2017))
((refimprove|date=April 2017))
((One source|date=June 2009))
))
((Hatnote|"Cast steel" redirects here. For another sense of that term, see [[wikt:cast steel#Noun|cast steel]].))

'''Steel casting''' is a specialized form of [[casting]] involving various types of [[steel]] cast to either final/net or [[near net shape|near-net]] shape. Steel castings are used when [[cast iron|iron castings]] cannot deliver enough strength or shock resistance.<ref name=mh1332>Oberg, p. 1332</ref>

Examples of items that are steel castings include: [[Hydro electricity|hydroelectric]] [[Water turbine|turbine wheels]], [[forging press]]es, [[gear]]s, [[Bogie|railroad truck frames]], [[valve]] bodies, [[pump]] casings, [[mining]] [[machinery]], [[Ship|marine]] [[Machine|equipment]], [[turbocharger]] [[turbines]] and engine [[cylinder block]]s.<ref name=mh1332/>

Steel castings are categorized into two general groups: [[carbon steel]]s and [[alloy steel]]s.<ref name=mh1332/>

== Steel castability ==
Steel is more difficult to cast than iron. It has a higher melting point and greater shrinkage rate, which requires consideration during mold design. Risers should be given more capacity to draw from as the metal cools and shrinks. Attention should be paid to the thickness of mold cavities, as thinner areas will cool quicker than thicker areas, which can create internal stress points that can lead to fracture. 

Molten steel is also less fluid than molten iron, making it more difficult to pour and fill intricate gaps in a mold cavity. Molten steel is also more likely to react with internal mold surfaces, making for more unpredictable results.

== Machinability<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.afsinc.org/multimedia/contentMC.cfm?ItemNumber=11371|title=Machining Cast Iron Components ((!)) Modern Casting ((!)) AFS|last=|first=|date=|website=www.afsinc.org|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-07))</ref> ==
Cast parts often require machining to achieve accurate tolerances and desired surface finishes. Carbon steel is the easiest type of steel to machine. High-carbon steel can be more time consuming to cut or grind, and will wear tools faster. Low-carbon steel can get gummy, making it difficult to work with. 

Generally, the presence of alloys used to increase mechanical performance often make machining more difficult. 

== Damping ability ==
Casting is often a valuable means to creating intricate parts used in machine applications where vibration is often a factor. Cast steel typically has a lower damping ability than cast iron, which can lead to excess vibration and noise in the form of ringing or squealing.

== Impact and wear resistance ==
Most steels offer a good balance of strength and ductility, which makes them extremely tough. This allows them to withstand significant stress and strain without fracturing. Steel can also be fairly wear-resistant. Alloy additions can increase both impact and wear resistance.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.afsinc.org/about/content.cfm?ItemNumber=10749|title=Understanding Material Specifications for Steel Castings ((!)) AFS|last=|first=|date=|website=www.afsinc.org|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-07))</ref>

==Steel casting alloys==

Alloy steel castings are broken down into two categories: low-alloy steels and high-alloy steels.<ref name="oberg1334"/> Low-alloy steels contain less than 8% alloying content and high-alloy steels have 8% or more.<ref name="oberg1334"/>

This is a table of some steel casting alloys:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Heat resistant steel castings per ASTM A297-1981<ref name="oberg1334">Oberg, p. 1334</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2 | Grade
! rowspan=2 | Nominal alloy composition (%wt)
! colspan=2 | Tensile strength, minimum
! colspan=2 | Yield strength to 0.2%, minimum
! rowspan=2 | Elongation, minimum, from ((convert|2|in|abbr=on|disp=comma)) (%)
|-
! (ksi)
! (MPa)
! (ksi)
! (MPa)
|-
| HC || 28 Cr        || 55   || 380 || -  || -   || -
|-
| HD || 28 Cr,  5 Ni || 75   || 515 || 35 || 240 || 8
|-
| HF || 19 Cr,  9 Ni || 70   || 485 || 35 || 240 || 25
|-
| HH || 25 Cr, 12 Ni || 75   || 515 || 35 || 240 || 10
|-
| HI || 28 Cr, 15 Ni || 70   || 485 || 35 || 240 || 10
|-
| HK || 25 Cr, 20 Ni || 65   || 450 || 35 || 240 || 10
|-
| HL || 29 Cr, 20 Ni || 65   || 450 || 35 || 240 || 10
|-
| HN || 20 Cr, 25 Ni || 63   || 435 || -  || -   || 8
|-
| HP || 26 Cr, 35 Ni || 62.5 || 430 || 34 || 235 || 4.5
|-
| HT || 15 Cr, 35 Ni || 65   || 450 || -  || -   || 4
|-
| HU || 19 Cr, 39 Ni || 65   || 450 || -  || -   || 4
|-
| HW || 12 Cr, 60 Ni || 60   || 415 || -  || -   || -
|-
| HX || 17 Cr, 66 Ni || 60   || 415 || -  || -   || -
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Corrosion resistant steel castings per ASTM A743-1981a<ref>Oberg, p. 1335</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2 | Grade
! rowspan=2 | Nominal alloy composition (%wt)
! colspan=2 | Tensile strength, minimum
! colspan=2 | Yield strength to 0.2%, minimum
! rowspan=2 | Elongation, minimum, from ((convert|2|in|abbr=on|disp=comma)) (%)
|-
! (ksi)
! (MPa)
! (ksi)
! (MPa)
|-
| CF-8 || 9 Cr, 9 Ni || 70 || 485 || 30 || 205 || 35
|-
| CG-12 || 22 Cr, 12 Ni || 70 || 485 || 28 || 195 || 35
|-
| CF-20 || 19 Cr, 9 Ni || 70 || 485 || 30 || 205 || 30
|-
| CF-8M || 19 Cr, 10 Ni, with Mo || 70 || 485 || 30 || 205 || 30
|-
| CF-8C || 19 Cr, 10 Ni, with Nb || 70 || 485 || 30 || 205 || 30
|-
| CF-16 & <br/>CF-16Fa || 19 Cr, 9 Ni, free machining || 70 || 485 || 30 || 205 || 25
|-
| CH-10 & <br/>CH-20 || 25 Cr, 12 Ni || 70 || 485 || 30 || 205 || 30
|-
| CK-20 || 25 Cr, 20 Ni || 65 || 450 || 28 || 195 || 30
|-
| CE-30 || 29 Cr, 9 Ni || 80 || 550 || 40 || 275 || 10
|-
| CA-15 & CA-15M || 12 Cr || 90 || 620 || 65 || 450 || 18
|-
| CB-30 || 20 Cr || 65 || 450 || 30 || 205 || -
|-
| CC-50 || 28 Cr || 55 || 380 || - || - || -
|-
| CA-40 || 12 Cr || 100 || 690 || 70 || 485 || 15
|-
| CF-3 || 19 Cr, 9 Ni || 70 || 485 || 30 || 205 || 35
|-
| CF-3M || 19 Cr, 10 Ni, with Mo || 70 || 485 || 30 || 205 || 30
|-
| CG6MMN || Cr-Ni-Mn-Mo || 75 || 515 || 35 || 240 || 30
|-
| CG-8M || 19 Cr, 11 Ni, with Mo || 75 || 520 || 35 || 240 || 25
|-
| CN-7M || 20 Cr, 29 Ni, with Co & Mo || 62 || 425 || 25 || 170 || 35
|-
| CN-7MS || 19 Cr, 24 Ni, with Co & Mo || 70 || 485 || 30 || 205 || 35
|-
| CW-12M || Ni, Mo & Cr || 72 || 495 || 46 || 315 || 4
|-
| CY-40 || Ni, Cr & Fe || 70 || 485 || 28 || 195 || 30
|-
| CA-6NM || 12 Cr, 4 Ni || 110 || 775 || 80 || 550 || 15
|-
| CD-4MCu || 25 Cr, 5 Ni, 3 Cu, 2 Mo || 100 || 690 || 70 || 485 || 16
|-
| CA-6N || 11 Cr, 7 Ni || 140 || 965 || 135 || 930 || 15
|}

==Terminology==
In present-day vocabulary, the term ''cast steel'' is almost always used in its [[word sense|sense]] referring to steel castings. Between the late 19th and mid 20th centuries, this was not always true, which is worth understanding if one is reading historical documents; see ''[[wikt:cast steel#Noun|cast steel]]'' for details. 

==References==

===Notes===
((reflist))

===Bibliography===
*((Citation | last = Oberg | first = Erik | last2 = Jones | first2 = Franklin D. | last3 = Horton | first3 = Holbrook L. | last4 = Ryffel | first4 = Henry H. | title = [[Machinery's Handbook]] | place = New York | publisher = Industrial Press Inc. | year = 2000 | edition = 26th | isbn = 0-8311-2635-3)).

((Authority control))
((DEFAULTSORT:Steel Casting))
[[Category:Casting (manufacturing)]]
[[Category:Steel]]

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