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((Short description|Container for liquids or compressed gas))
((Use British English|date=November 2012))
((About|fluid containment vessels||Tank (disambiguation)))
((More citations needed|date=February 2018))
[[Image:Fuel tank gnangarra.jpg|thumb|Cylindrical fuel storage tank with fixed roof and internal floating roof. Capacity approx 2,000,000 litres]]

'''Storage tanks''' are containers that hold liquids or compressed gases. The term can be used for [[reservoir]]s (artificial lakes and ponds), and for manufactured containers. The usage of the word "tank" for reservoirs is uncommon in [[American English]] but is moderately common in [[British English]]. In other countries, the term tends to refer only to artificial containers. In the U.S., storage tanks operate under no (or very little) [[pressure]], distinguishing them from ''[[Pressure vessel|pressure vessels]]''.

Tanks can be used to hold materials as diverse as [[milk]], [[water]], [[waste]], [[petroleum]], [[Chemical industry|chemicals]], and other [[Dangerous goods|hazardous materials]], all while meeting industry standards and regulations.<ref name=":0">((Cite web |title=Above Ground Storage Tanks |url=http://www.pttg.com/tanks/ |access-date=2018-02-13 |website=www.pttg.com |language=en-US))</ref> Storage tanks are available in many shapes: vertical and horizontal cylindrical; open top and closed top; flat bottom, cone bottom, slope bottom and dish bottom. Large tanks tend to be vertical cylindrical, with flat bottoms, and a fixed frangible or floating roof, or to have rounded corners transition from the vertical side wall to bottom profile, in order to withstand hydraulic hydrostatic [[pressure]]. Tanks built below ground level are sometimes used and referred to as [[underground storage tank]]s (USTs).

Reservoirs can be covered, in which case they may be called covered or underground storage tanks or reservoirs. [[Cistern|Covered water tanks]] are common in urban areas.

Tanks can be mounted on a [[lorry]] or an [[articulated lorry]] trailer. The resulting vehicle is called a [[tank truck|road tanker]] (or simply tanker; tank truck in American English). [[Tank car|Tank cars]] are tanks mounted on [[goods wagon|goods wagons]] for rail transportation.

== Etymology ==
The word "tank" originally meant "artificial lake" and came from India, perhaps via [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''tanque''. It may have some connection with:
*Some Indian language words similar to "tak" or "tank" and meaning "[[reservoir]] for water". In [[Sanskrit]] a holding pond or reservoir is called a ''tadaka''. [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] ''talao'' means "man-made lake". These uses of the word were incorporated into the English language.<ref name="glossary">((cite web |title=Architecture on the Indian Subcontinent - glossary |url=http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306200130/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php |archive-date=2012-03-06 |access-date=2006-12-18))</ref>
*The Arabic verb ''istanqa`a'' <big>اِسْتَنْقَعَ</big> = "it [i.e. some liquid] collected and became stagnant".

== Features and maintenance ==
While [[steel]] and [[concrete]] remain one the most popular choices for tanks, [[glass-reinforced plastic]], [[thermoplastic]] and [[polyethylene]] tanks are increasing in popularity. They offer lower build costs and greater chemical resistance, especially for storage of [[Speciality chemicals|specialty chemicals]]. There are several relevant standards, such as [[British Standard]]&nbsp;4994 (1989), DVS 2205, and [[ASME]] RTP-1 which give advice on wall thickness, quality-control procedures, testing procedures, accreditation, fabrication and design criteria of final product.

Some storage tanks need a floating roof in addition to or in lieu of the fixed roof and structure. This floating roof rises and falls with the liquid level inside the tank, thereby decreasing the vapour space above the liquid level. Floating roofs are considered a safety requirement as well as a pollution prevention measure for many industries including petroleum refining.[[File:Horizontal LPG reservoir table volume level curve.png|thumb|Capacity table for horizontal cylindrical storage tank<ref name="Zivenko2019">((Cite journal|last=Zivenko|first=Oleksiy|title=LPG Accounting Specificity During ITS Storage and Transportation|date=2019|url=https://doi.org/10.23939/istcmtm2019.03.021|journal=Measuring Equipment and Metrology|language=en|volume=80|issue=3|pages=21–27|doi=10.23939/istcmtm2019.03.021|s2cid=211776025|issn=0368-6418|doi-access=free))</ref>]]

In order for volume measurements from the tank to be used, it typically has a capacity table created using appropriate standards.<ref name="Zivenko2019" /> Each row of capacity table contains fill level value and corresponding volume value (and other related data).

In the U.S., metal tanks in contact with soil and containing [[petroleum]] products must be protected from [[corrosion]] to prevent escape of the product into the environment.<ref>Code of Federal Regulations [http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=3113bdbd55bf563c9663729770e6a78e&rgn=div8&view=text&node=40:26.0.1.1.10.3.47.2&idno=40 40 CFR § 280.31] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612155036/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=3113bdbd55bf563c9663729770e6a78e&rgn=div8&view=text&node=40:26.0.1.1.10.3.47.2&idno=40|date=2011-06-12)) Operation and maintenance of corrosion protection.</ref> The most effective and common corrosion control techniques for steel in contact with soil is [[cathodic protection]]. Outside the United States and at some locations in the United States, elevated tank support foundations with a sand bitumen mix finish are often used. These type of foundations keep the tank bottom plates free from water, therefore preventing corrosion.

In addition to their design and application, [[maintenance]] and [[inspection]] of storage tanks play a critical role in ensuring their safety and efficiency. Regular inspection is essential for identifying potential issues such as corrosion, leaks, structural weaknesses, and compliance with environmental regulations. These inspections can vary in frequency and detail depending on the type of tank, the material stored, and the regulatory requirements applicable in the location where the tank is used. For instance, tanks storing [[hazardous materials]] may require more frequent and thorough inspections compared to those used for non-hazardous materials. Maintenance protocols, including cleaning, repairs, and preventative measures, are equally important to prolong the lifespan of the tanks and prevent environmental contamination or accidents. Advanced technologies, such as [[remote sensing]], [[ultrasonic testing]], and robotic inspection tools, like remotely-operated [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]], are increasingly being employed to enhance the effectiveness and safety of these inspection processes. Understanding and implementing appropriate inspection and maintenance schedules is paramount for operators of storage tanks to ensure operational reliability and adherence to safety standards.<ref>((Cite journal |date=2022 |title=Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104781 |doi=10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104781 |doi-access=free))</ref>

Several environmental regulations apply to the design and operation of storage tanks, often depending on the nature of the fluid contained within.<ref name=":0" /> In the U.S., air emissions are typically required to undergo air quality permitting under the federal [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]]. Quantification of potential emissions from tanks for permitting purposes is most often accomplished by applying emission equations published in chapter&nbsp;7.1 of the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]'s [[AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors|AP-42 (Compilation of Air Pollutant Emissions Factors from Stationary Sources)]].

Since most liquids can spill or seep through even the smallest opening, special consideration must be made for their safe and secure handling. This usually involves building a [[bunding]], or containment dike, around the tank, so that any leakage may be safely contained.

==Types of tank==

===Atmospheric===
An atmospheric tank is a container for holding a liquid at [[atmospheric pressure]]. The major design codes for [[welded]] atmospheric tanks are [[American Petroleum Institute|API]]&nbsp;650 and API&nbsp;620. API 653 is used for analysis of in-service storage tanks. In Europe the applicable design code is [[European Committee for Standardization|EN]]&nbsp;14015, which uses load cases from [[Eurocode 3]] (EN&nbsp;1993), part 4-2.

===High-pressure===
[[Image:Modified Hanson steelwatertank.jpg|right|thumb|Horizontal, cylindrical shell, elliptical heads carbon steel [[pressure vessel]]]]
In the case of a liquefied gas such as [[liquid hydrogen|hydrogen]] or [[chlorine]], or a compressed gas such as [[compressed natural gas]] or [[MAPP gas|MAPP]], the storage tank must be made to withstand the sometimes-considerable pressures exerted by the contents. These tanks, being [[pressure vessel]]s, are sometimes excluded from the class of "tanks". Container tanks for handling liquids during transportation are often designed to handle varying degrees of pressure.

===Thermal storage tanks===
One form of [[seasonal thermal energy storage]] (STES) is the use of large surface water tanks that are insulated and then covered with earth berms to enable storage of seasonal solar-thermal heat that is collected primarily in the summer for all-year heating.<ref>Pauschinger T. (2012). [http://www.solar-district-heating.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=4VeN0WSc5Pk%3d&portalid=0 Solar District Heating with Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage in Germany] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018073544/http://solar-district-heating.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=4VeN0WSc5Pk%3d&portalid=0|date=2016-10-18)). Presentation. European Sustainable Energy Week, Brussels. 18–22 June 2012.</ref> A related technology has become widespread in Danish district heating systems. The thermal storage medium is gravel and water in large, shallow, lined pits that are covered with insulation, soil and grass.<ref>Holm L. (2012). [http://www.euroheat.org/Admin/Public/DWSDownload.aspx?File=%2fFiles%2fFiler%2fPresentations%2f20120618-22_EUSEW%2f120619_EUSEW_3+-+Holm+brussel+juni+2012.pdf Long Term Experiences with Solar District Heating in Denmark]((dead link|date=December 2017|bot=KAP03|fix-attempted=yes)). Presentation. European Sustainable Energy Week, Brussels. 18–22 June 2012.</ref>

[[Ice storage air conditioning|Ice and slush tanks]] are used for short-term storage of cold for use in air conditioning, allowing refrigeration equipment to be run at night when electric power is less expensive, yet provide cooling during hot daytime hours.

===Milk tanks===
((Main|Bulk tank))

A bulk milk cooling tank is a storage tank located in a dairy farm's milkhouse used for cooling and holding fluid milk at a low temperature until it can be picked up by a milk hauler. Since milk leaves the udder at approximately 35&nbsp;°C, milk tanks are needed to rapidly cool fresh raw milk to a storage temperature of 4&nbsp;°C to 6&nbsp;°C, thereby slowing growth of microorganisms.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.delaval.co.uk/-/Product-Information1/Milk-cooling--storage/|title=DeLaval - Milk cooling & storage products|last=UK|first=DeLaval|website=www.delaval.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-02-13))</ref> Bulk milk cooling tanks are usually made of stainless steel and are constructed to sanitary standards. They must be cleaned after each milk collection. The milk cooling tank may be the property of the farmer, or may be rented by the farmer from a dairy plant.

===Septic tanks===
((Main|Septic tank))

A septic tank is part of a small-scale [[sewage treatment]] system often referred to as a septic system. Septic systems are commonly used to treat wastewater from homes and small businesses in rural and suburban areas.<ref>((Cite web|website=Assistance for Homeowners & Landowners|url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/dep/environment/assistance-for-homeowners-landowners.page|title=Septic Systems|publisher=www.nyc.gov|access-date=))</ref> It consists of the tank and a [[septic drain field]]. Waste water enters the tank where solids can settle and scum floats. [[Anaerobic digestion]] occurs on the settled solids, reducing the volume of solids. The water released by the system is normally absorbed by the drain field without needing any further treatment.

===Mobile tanks===
While not strictly a "storage" tank, mobile tanks share many of the same features of storage tanks. Also, they must be designed to deal with a heavy sloshing load and the risk of collision or other accident. Some of these include ocean-going [[oil tanker]]s and [[LNG carrier]]s; railroad [[tank car]]s; and road [[tank truck|tankers]]. Also included are the holding tanks which are the tanks that store [[toilet]] waste on [[RV]]s, [[boat]]s and aircraft.

==In refineries==
[[File:Oil storage tanks at Fawley Refinery (low-altitude aerial) - geograph.org.uk - 413370.jpg|thumb|View of [[Fawley Refinery]] large atmospheric tanks]]
Tanks for [[Petroleum|crude oil]] and oil-based fuels are chosen according to the [[flash point]] of the material. If the material is not a liquefied gas, such as [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]], tanks are atmospheric and generally come in two types:
#[[Fixed roof tank]]s are used for liquids with very high flash points (e.g., [[fuel oil]], [[bitumen]]). Cone roofs, dome roofs and umbrella roofs are usual. These tanks may be insulated and heated with steam coils to prevent the product to become too viscous, thus plugging pipework and becoming potentially unpumpable. Dome roof tanks are meant for tanks having slightly higher-than-atmospheric storage pressure (e.g., slop oil).
#[[Floating roof tanks]] are broadly divided into [[external floating roof tank]]s (usually referred to simply as floating roof tanks, or FR tanks) and [[internal floating roof types]] (IFR Tanks). IFR tanks are used for liquids with lower flash points (e.g., [[jet fuel]], [[gasoline|petrol]], [[ethanol]]). They are essentially cone-roof tanks with an internal floating roof travelling vertically up and down along with the liquid level. This floating roof traps the vapour from low flash-point fuels. Floating roofs are supported with legs or cables on which they rest. FR tanks do not have a fixed roof, being open at the top, and have a floating roof only. Medium flash point liquids such as [[naphtha]], [[kerosene]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], and [[crude oil]] are stored in these tanks.
[[Image:MiRO4.jpg|thumb|300px|Spherical gas tank farm in the [[petroleum refinery]] in [[Karlsruhe]] MiRO]]Liquefied gases (such as LPG, [[butane]], [[propylene]], etc.) may be stored in [[Horton sphere|spherical tanks]] (or Horton spheres). 

Typical classification codes used for tanks in a refinery are:
* OSBL – outside-battery-limit tankages
** COT – crude oil tanks.
** PIT – product and intermediate storage tanks.
** DISPATCH – dispatch area tanks.
* UTILITIES – tanks in a power plant area, for storage of water, etc.
* ISBL – inside-battery-limit tankages. These are usually small tanks found in the production units of a refinery, such as [[Neutralization (chemistry)|neutralization]] tanks, water tanks, etc.

== Use for chemicals ==
[[File:CWRYBASF.JPG|right|thumb|217x217px|[[BASF]] chemical plant in [[Portsmouth, Virginia]]. The plant is served by the [[Commonwealth Railway]].]]
Chemical tanks are storage containers for [[Chemical|chemicals]] widely used within the [[chemical industry]]. They come in a variety of sizes and shapes, and are used for static [[Chemical storage|storage]] and transport of both [[raw materials]] and finished chemical products.

A chemical tank is of necessity designed for a specific chemical. Chemicals have variable [[corrosion]] potentials, so the size and features of chemical tanks are diverse. Chemical resistance is usually the first priority in designing chemical tanks. Selected materials have to be as resistant to the chemical stored as design and economics allow. This includes selection of smaller features such as [[Gasket|gaskets]] and [[plumbing]] materials. Other parameters to be taken in consideration are heat, cold, vacuum, pressure, exothermic [[Reactivity (chemistry)|reactivity]] and the inherent aggressive nature of the chemical ([[Acid|acids]], caustic, etc.).
Secondary containment is a back-up strategy sometimes used to mitigate potential failure of the primary container. The typical profile of a vessel with secondary containment is a primary vessel with an exterior vessel shell encompassing the primary vessel with at least 100% capacity. Secondary vessels are available in [[polyethylene]], [[fiberglass]] and metal materials. Secondary containment tank systems are suggested for all aggressive chemicals.
==Tank failures==
There have been numerous catastrophic failures of storage tanks, one of the most notorious being that which occurred at [[Boston]] on January 14, 1919. A large tank had only been filled eight times when it failed, and the resulting wave of [[molasses]] killed 21 people in the vicinity. The [[Boston molasses disaster]] was caused by poor design and construction, with a wall too thin to bear repeated loads from the contents. The tank had not been tested before use by filling with water, and was also poorly riveted. The owner of the tank, [[United States Industrial Alcohol Company]], paid out $300,000 (nearly $4 million in 2012 ) in compensation to the victims or their relatives.

There have been many other accidents caused by tanks since then, often caused by faulty [[welding]] or by sub-standard [[steel]]. New inventions have at least fixed some of the more common issues around the tanks' seal.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.waterlinellc.com/|title=Industrial Tank Cleaning Mixer|publisher=Waterline Tank Technologies LLC|access-date=19 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819214446/http://www.waterlinellc.com/|archive-date=19 August 2013))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=19164|title=1910.110(e)(4)(i)|publisher=United States Department of Labor - OSHA|access-date=19 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021171720/http://osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=19164|archive-date=21 October 2011))</ref> However, storage tanks also present another problem, surprisingly, when empty. If they have been used to hold [[oil]] or oil products such as [[gasoline]], the atmosphere in the tanks may be highly explosive as the space fills with [[hydrocarbon]]s. If new welding operations are started, then sparks can easily ignite the contents, with disastrous results for the welders. The problem is similar to that of empty [[Fuel bunker|bunkers]] on [[Tanker (ship)|tanker ships]], which are now required to use an [[inert gas]] blanket to prevent [[explosive]] atmospheres building up from residues.

==Images==
<gallery>
Image:Compressed gas cylinders.mapp and oxygen.triddle.jpg|Oxygen and [[MAPP gas]] cylinders
Image:BulkMilkCoolingTankDescriptionCharriau.png|Milk cooling tank
Image:HK Shell depot.JPG|[[Oil depot|Fuel tanks]]
Image:Septic tank.jpg|Septic tank
Image:Shell Refueller.JPG|Tanker truck
File:Milwaukee tanks.jpg|Several large tanks at an airport. For scale, note concrete highway barriers.
Image:Underground fuel storage tank.JPG|Underground fuel storage tank for service station
</gallery>

==See also==
*((annotated link|Aquarium)), also known as a "fish tank"
*((annotated link|Ballast tank))
*((annotated link|Drop tank)), in aviation
*((annotated link|Dunk tank))
*((annotated link|Fuel tank))
*((annotated link|Gas cylinder))
*((annotated link|Horton sphere))
*((annotated link|Irrigation tank)), in India, an artificial lake or reservoir of any size
*((annotated link|Isolation tank))
*((annotated link|LNG storage tank))
*((annotated link|Rainwater tank))
*((annotated link|Rotating tank)), used for fluid mechanics experiments
*((annotated link|Scuba tank)) a container which holds a supply of air for breathing underwater
*((annotated link|Stock tank)), for watering livestock
*((annotated link|Temple tank)), in India, a well or reservoir built as part of a temple complex
*((annotated link|Underground storage tank))
*((annotated link|Vapour-tight tank))
*((annotated link|Water tank))

==References==
((Reflist))

== External links ==
((Commons category|Storage tanks))((Authority control))

[[Category:Storage tanks]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Aquarium (edit)
Ballast tank (edit)
Diving cylinder (edit)
Drop tank (edit)
Dunk tank (edit)
Fuel tank (edit)
Gas cylinder (edit)
Horton sphere (edit)
Irrigation tank (edit)
Isolation tank (edit)
LNG storage tank (edit)
Rainwater tank (edit)
Rotating tank (edit)
Scuba tank (edit)
Stock tank (edit)
Storage tank (edit)
Temple tank (edit)
Underground storage tank (edit)
Vapor-tight tank (edit)
Vapour-tight tank (edit)
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