You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 44.201.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 23:54, 31 July 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪AntiCompositeNumber‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: Visit the FAQ if you are affected .
- Start of block: 13:55, 18 August 2022
- Expiry of block: 13:55, 18 April 2025
Your current IP address is 44.201.28.123. The blocked range is 44.201.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((More citations needed|date=June 2008))
((Infobox medical condition (new) 
| name            = Stridor 
| image           = Stridor NP OGG 2.ogg
| caption         = Inspiratory and expiratory stridor in a 13-month child with [[croup]]
| field           = [[Otorhinolaryngology]], [[pediatrics]] 
| synonyms        =  
| symptoms        = 
| complications   = 
| onset           = 
| duration        = 
| types           = 
| causes          = 
| risks           = 
| diagnosis       = 
| differential    = 
| prevention      = 
| treatment       = 
| medication      = 
| prognosis       = 
| frequency       = 
| deaths          = 
))

'''Stridor''' ([[Latin]] for "creaking or grating noise") is a high-pitched extra-thoracic [[respiratory sounds|breath sound]] resulting from [[turbulent]] air flow in the larynx or lower in the bronchial tree. It is different from a [[stertor]] which is a noise originating in the [[pharynx]].

Stridor is a physical sign which is caused by a narrowed or obstructed airway. It can be inspiratory, expiratory or biphasic, although it is usually heard during inspiration. Inspiratory stridor often occurs in children with [[croup]]. It may be indicative of serious [[airway]] obstruction from severe conditions such as [[epiglottitis]], a foreign body lodged in the airway, or a laryngeal tumor. Stridor should always command attention to establish its cause. Visualization of the airway by medical experts equipped to control the airway may be needed.

==Causes==
Stridor may occur as a result of:
* foreign bodies (e.g., [[Pulmonary aspiration|aspirated]] [[foreign body]], aspirated food bolus);
* infections (e.g., [[epiglottitis]], [[retropharyngeal abscess]], [[croup]]);
* subglottic [[stenosis]] (e.g., following prolonged intubation or congenital);
* airway edema (e.g., following instrumentation of the airway, [[tracheal intubation]], drug side effect, [[allergic reaction]]);
* [[laryngospasm]] (from aspiration, [[GERD]], or complication of [[anesthesia]])
* subglottic [[hemangioma]] (rare);
* [[vascular rings]] compressing the trachea;
* thyroiditis such as [[Riedel's thyroiditis]];
* [[vocal cord]] palsy;
* [[tracheomalacia]] or tracheobronchomalacia (e.g., collapsed trachea).
* [[congenital]] anomalies of the airway are present in 87% of all cases of stridor in infants and children.<ref name="pmid7436240">((cite journal |author=Holinger LD |title=Etiology of stridor in the neonate, infant and child |journal=Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. |volume=89 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=397–400 |year=1980 |doi=10.1177/000348948008900502 |pmid=7436240 |s2cid=20514618 ))</ref>
* [[vasculitis]]. 
*infectious mononucleosis
*peritonsillar abscess
*Laryngeal edema is a common cause of stridor post extubation (occurring from pressure of the endotracheal tube on the mucosa as a result of endotracheal tube that is too large (e.g. pediatrics), cuff over inflation, and prolonged intubation times.);<ref>Wittekamp, Bastiaan HJ. Clinical review: Post-extubation laryngeal edema and extubation failure in critically ill adult patients. Crit Care. 2009; 13(6): 233.</ref>
* tumor (e.g., laryngeal papillomatosis, [[squamous cell carcinoma]] of larynx, trachea or esophagus);
* [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia|ALL]] (T-cell ALL can present with mediastinal mass that compresses the trachea and causes inspiratory stridor)

==Diagnosis==
Stridor is mainly diagnosed on the basis of history and physical examination, with a view to revealing the underlying problem or condition.

Chest and neck [[x-rays]], [[bronchoscopy]], [[CT-scans]], and/or [[MRIs]] may reveal structural pathology.

Flexible fiberoptic [[bronchoscopy]] can also be very helpful, especially in assessing vocal cord function or in looking for signs of compression or infection.

==Treatments==
The first issue of clinical concern in the setting of stridor is whether or not [[tracheal intubation]] or [[tracheostomy]] is immediately necessary. A reduction in oxygen saturation is considered a late sign of airway obstruction, particularly in a child with healthy lungs and normal gas exchange. Some patients will need immediate tracheal intubation.  If intubation can be delayed for a period, a number of other potential options can be considered, depending on the severity of the situation and other clinical details.  
These include:

* Expectant management with full monitoring, oxygen by face mask, and positioning the head on the bed for optimum conditions (e.g., 45 - 90 degrees).
* Use of [[nebulizer|nebulized]] [[racemic adrenaline]] [[epinephrine]] (0.5 to 0.75 ml of 2.25% racemic epinephrine added to 2.5 to 3 ml of normal saline) in cases where airway edema may be the cause of the stridor. (Nebulized [[Codeine]] in a dose not exceeding 3&nbsp;mg/kg may also be used, but not together with racemic adrenaline [because of the risk of ventricular arrhythmias].)
* Use of [[dexamethasone]] ([[Decadron]]) 4–8&nbsp;mg IV q 8 - 12 h in cases where airway edema may be the cause of the stridor; note that some time (in the range of hours) may be needed for dexamethasone to work fully.
* Use of inhaled [[Heliox]] (70% [[helium]], 30% [[oxygen]]); the effect is almost instantaneous. Helium, being a less dense gas than nitrogen, reduces turbulent flow through the airways. Always ensure an open airway.
In obese patients elevation of the [[panniculus]] has shown to relieve symptoms by 80%.

==References==
((reflist))

== External links ==
((Wiktionary))
* [http://respwiki.com/Breath_sounds Audio Breath Sounds] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215121532/http://respwiki.com/Breath_sounds |date=2020-12-15 ))—Multiple case studies with audio files of lung sounds.
* ((eMedicine|ped|2159|Stridor))
* ((eMedicine|ped|2624|Congenital stridor))
* ((MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|003074|Breathing sounds—abnormal (stridor)))
* ((DiseasesDB|27190))
* [http://www.rale.ca/Stridor.htm Stridor sounds at R.A.L.E. Lung Sounds]

((Medical resources
|   ICD10       = ((ICD10|R|06|1|r|00)) 
|   ICD9        = ((ICD9|786.1)) 
|   MedlinePlus = 003074 
))
((Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs))

[[Category:Symptoms and signs: Respiratory system]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Stridor (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs (edit)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:DiseasesDB (edit)
Template:EMedicine (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist (view source) (protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:ICD10 (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:ICD9 (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:If empty (view source) (protected)
Template:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox medical condition (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox medical condition (new) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:Medical resources (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MedlinePlusEncyclopedia (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Respiratory system symptoms and signs (edit)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Template other (view source) (protected)
Template:Wdib (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Wiktionary (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:GetParameters (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:String2 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Stridor.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridor"