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((refimprove|date=October 2013))
[[File:Beethoven Opus 9 title page.jpg|thumb|Title page of the first edition of the score, Vienna 1799]]

The three '''[[String trio|String Trio]]s, Op. 9''' were composed by [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] in 1797–98. He published them in Vienna in 1799, with a dedication to his patron Count [[Johann Georg von Browne]] (1767–1827).<ref name = "Naxos">Anderson, Keith (2011). [http://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=8.572377&catNum=572377&filetype=About%20this%20Recording&language=English "Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827): String Trios, Op. 9"] (Liner notes to ''Beethoven: String Trios, Op. 9'', [[Naxos Records]] 8572377</ref> They were first performed by the violinist [[Ignaz Schuppanzigh]] with two colleagues from [[Schuppanzigh Quartet|his string quartet]]. According to the violinist and conductor Angus Watson, these were probably [[Franz Weiss (violist)|Franz Weiss]] on [[viola]] and either [[Nikolaus Kraft]] or his father [[Antonín Kraft|Anton]] on [[cello]].<ref name = "Watson" /> Each of the trios consists of four movements:

[[File:Beethoven String Trios, Op. 9 String Trio No. 3 in G major.webm|thumbnail|Op. 9 No. 1: Adagio – Allegro con brio]]

* '''String Trio No. 3 in G major, Op. 9 No. 1'''
**I. Adagio - Allegro con brio
**II. Adagio ma non tanto e cantabile
**III. Scherzo – Allegro
**IV. Presto
* '''String Trio No. 4 in D major, Op. 9 No. 2'''
**I. Allegretto
**II. Andante quasi allegretto
**III. Menuetto – Allegro
**IV. Rondo – Allegro
* '''String Trio No. 5 in C minor, Op. 9 No. 3'''
**I. Allegro con spirito
**II. Adagio con espressione
**III. Scherzo – Allegro molto e vivace
**IV. Finale – Presto

== Music ==

Although this opus does not contain the most played works by Beethoven it was a significant milestone in his development as a composer. At the time of publication the 28-year-old Beethoven regarded the trios as his best compositions.<ref name = "Watson">Watson, Angus (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=s-oN-k4kBJ4C&pg=PA58 ''Beethoven's Chamber Music in Context''], pp. 57–59. Boydell Press. ((ISBN|1843837161))</ref> The trios can be seen as a part of the preparation for the upcoming [[string quartets]], which became the leading genre among his chamber music. The musicologist Gerald Abraham has remarked that in terms of their style and aesthetic value the string trios of Op. 9 rank with Beethoven's first string quartets which ousted the trios from the concert halls. Beethoven composed no further trios after the first quartets (Op. 18) were published in 1801.<ref name = "Abraham">Abraham, Gerald (1982). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NbhDW-HKI9YC&pg=PA275 ''The Age of Beethoven, 1790–1830''], pp. 274–280. Oxford University Press. ((ISBN|019316308X))</ref> Each trio is of four movements with [[sonata form]] in the first movements, suggesting that Beethoven did not intend them to be light chamber pieces.<ref name = "Daverio">Daverio, John (2000). "Manner, Tone, and Tendency in Beethoven's Chamber Music for Strings" in G. Stanley (ed.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hdGcne8_9XcC&pg=PA148 ''The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven''], pp. 147–149. Cambridge University Press. ((ISBN|0521589347))</ref>

The most vigorous of the three trios is perhaps the G major, with the fast movements' thematic richness and almost symphonic elaborations especially in the first Allegro. The Adagio in E major resembles in its beauty and melancholic atmosphere other slow movements written by Beethoven at that time. The trio ends with a brilliant and virtuoso ''Presto''.((according to whom|date=October 2013))

Trio in D major is the most traditional piece in the opus. It lacks the G major's symphonic effects but conveys a finely subtle chamber music with warm and intimate atmosphere. However the slow movement in D minor is perhaps the saddest piece in the opus.((according to whom|date=October 2013))

The last trio, in C minor, brings the most energy and novelty with highly passionate tone. C minor is one of Beethoven's most important keys. Three of his piano sonatas and the fifth symphony were written in C minor, for instance. This trio invokes those later works' power and peculiar character so typical of Beethoven. Dynamic effects, sharp contrasts in rhythm, harmonic confrontations among other means of music provide momentum and the tone of anxiety. By contrast, the ''Adagio'' brings peace and resignation in C major, with a more lively episode in E flat major in the middle of the movement. Both the Scherzo and the Finale continue the passionate and energetic storm of the first movement.((according to whom|date=October 2013))

== References ==

((reflist))

== External links ==

*((IMSLP|work=3_String_Trios,_Op.9_%28Beethoven,_Ludwig_van%29|cname=3 String Trios, Op. 9))
*[http://traffic.libsyn.com/gardnermuseum/beethoven_op9no2_musiciansfrommarlboro.mp3 Performance of String Trio Op. 9, No. 2] by the Musicians from Marlboro from the [[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] in [[MP3]] format

[[Category:String trios by Ludwig van Beethoven]]
[[Category:1798 compositions]]
[[Category:Music with dedications]]

<!--- 
*SZABOLCSI, Bence: Beethoven, Budapest, 1970
*LICHTENBERG, Emil: Beethoven kamarazenéje (Beethoven's Chamber Music), Budapest, 1944
*KERMAN, Joseph – TYSON, Allan: The New Grove: Beethoven, London, 1980
 --->
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

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