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((Short description|Stretches of coast that have been inundated by the sea by a relative rise in sea levels))
((More citations needed|date=January 2021))
[[File:PortHacking-Sydney-Ria.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|right|A submergent landform: the drowned river valley ([[ria]]) of [[Georges River]] in the greater [[Sydney]] area, Australia]]

'''Submergent coastlines''' or '''drowned coastlines''' are stretches along the coast that have been inundated by the sea by a relative rise in sea levels from either [[isostacy]] or [[eustacy]].

Submergent coastline are the opposite of [[emergent coastline]]s, which have experienced a relative fall in sea levels.

Many submergent coastlines were formed by the end of the [[Last Glacial Period]] (LGP), when glacial retreat caused both global [[sea level rise]] and also localised changes to land height.<ref name="edexcel">((Cite web|url=https://geographyrevisionalevel.weebly.com/7b-emergent-and-submergent-coastlines.html|title = 7B Emergent and Submergent Coastlines))</ref>

== Formation ==
Submergent coastlines form either when sea level rises or the land level fall. This can be caused by isostatic or eustatic change.<ref name=":0">((Cite web |date=2021-06-03 |title=https://www.physicsandmathstutor.com/pdf-pages/?pdf=https://pmt.physicsandmathstutor.com/download/Geography/A-level/Notes/Edexcel/2B-Coastal-Landscapes-and-Change/Detailed Notes - Coastal Landscapes and Change - Edexcel Geography A-level.pdf |url=https://www.physicsandmathstutor.com/pdf-pages/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.physicsandmathstutor.com |language=en-GB))</ref> Both isostatic and eustatic change can be caused by a variety of reasons.

Isostatic change could be due to [[Post-glacial rebound|post-glacial adjustment]].<ref name=":0" /> Another common cause of isostatic change that can result in a submergent coastline is tectonic action.<ref name=":0" /> Events such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions may cause land subsidence therefore causing isostatic sea level increases.<ref name=":0" />

[[Sea level rise|Eustatic sea level]] rise can also be caused by many reasons. One common reason is thermal expansion.<ref name=":0" /> [[Thermal expansion]] occurs when water gets warmer and so the volume of water increases, this therefore causes global sea level rise forming submergent coastlines.<ref name=":0" />

== Common Features ==
Features of a submergent coastline include:

=== Rias ===
[[File:Sydney Harbour aerial.jpg|thumb|170x170px|Sydney Harbour is one example of a ria.]]
[[Ria]]s, are a drowned [[Valley|river valley]].<ref name="edexcel" /> They are a section of a river valley flooded by the sea, making much wider than would be expected based on the [[river]] flowing into it.<ref name="edexcel" /> Many rias were formed by the rise in sea level after the melting of the vast continental glaciers.<ref name=":1">((Cite web |title=Ria ((!)) geology ((!)) Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/ria |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en))</ref> Rias commonly have a widening funnel shape and gradually increasing depth as they move towards the coast. The widening and deepening of the ria towards the sea usually causes an exaggerated tidal effect within the [[estuary]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Fjords ===
[[Fjords]], which are drowned [[U-shaped valley|glaciated valleys]] (''Also known as U-shaped valleys)''. A section of a glacially eroded valley is flooded by the sea when a fjord is formed.<ref name="edexcel" />

=== Dalmatian Coasts ===
[[File:Dalmazia toponomastica italiana.png|thumb|161x161px|Map showing the Dalmatian coast of the Dalmatia region of Croatia. The narrow islands running parallel to the coast can be clearly seen.]]
Dalmatian coasts composed of long narrow islands running parallel to the coastline and separated from the coast by narrow sea channels called sounds.<ref name="edexcel" /> Dalmatian coasts are named after the [[Dalmatia]] region of Croatia which displays the common features of a dalmatian coast.

== Examples ==
Notable and illustrative examples of submergent coastlines include:
* Western [[Norway]], famed for its many fjords created by sea level rise at the end of the LGP.<ref name="edexcel"/>
* The [[Western Coastal Plains]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]], which includes the estuaries of the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and the [[Tapti River|Tapti]] Rivers.
* [[Southern England]] and [[South Wales]], caused by a "see-saw" reaction to uplift to the north of Great Britain after glacial retreat redistributed weight on the land, including many substantial rias such as [[Falmouth, Cornwall#Falmouth harbour|Falmouth Harbour]], [[Plymouth|Plymouth Harbour]], [[Kingsbridge Estuary]] and [[Milford Haven]].<ref name="edexcel"/>
* The [[Dalmatia]]n coast, famed for its many small inshore islands, formed by sea level rise in the Mediterranean at the end of the LGP.<ref name="edexcel"/>

==References==
((reflist))

((Coastal geography))

((DEFAULTSORT:Submergent Coastline))
[[Category:Coastal and oceanic landforms]]
[[Category:Coastal geography]]

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