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((Short description|none))
((Multiple issues|
((More citations needed|date=March 2010))
((update|date=March 2022))
))

((Suicide sidebar))
China's suicide rates were one of the highest in the world in the 1990s. However, by 2011, China had one of the lowest suicide rates in the world.<ref name="May 17">((Cite web|url=https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/remarkable-fall-chinas-suicide-rate|title=The Remarkable Fall in China's Suicide Rate|first=Chelsea|last=Follett|date=2018-05-17|website=Cato Institute|language=en|access-date=2019-06-22))</ref><ref>((Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Jie|last2=Sun|first2=Long|last3=Liu|first3=Yuxin|last4=Zhang|first4=Jianwei|date=2014|title=The Change in Suicide Rates between 2002 and 2011 in China|journal=Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior|language=en|volume=44|issue=5|pages=560–568|doi=10.1111/sltb.12090|pmid=24690079|issn=1943-278X))</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization]], the suicide rate in China was 9.7 per 100,000<ref name=":0">((Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.MHSUICIDEv?lang=en|title=GHO ((!)) By category ((!)) Suicide rate estimates, crude - Estimates by country|website=WHO|access-date=2019-06-22))</ref>((Obsolete source|reason=The 2016 WHO data referenced throughout this wiki article does not correspond with the 2016 data from this source.|date=November 2021)) as of 2016. As a comparison, the suicide rate in the U.S. in 2016 was 15.3.<ref name=":0" /> Generally speaking, China seems to have a lower suicide rate than neighboring [[Suicide in Korea|Korea]], [[Suicide in Russia|Russia]] and [[Suicide in Japan|Japan]], and it is more common among women than men and more common in the [[Yangtze River|Yangtze Basin]] than elsewhere.<ref>((Cite web |last=Follett |first=Chelsea |date=2018-05-17 |title=The remarkable fall in China's suicide rate |url=https://capx.co/the-remarkable-fall-in-chinas-suicide-rate/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=CapX |language=en-GB))</ref>((citation needed|date=November 2021))

A 2014 overview pointed at the [[Economic crisis of 2008|economic crisis]] years (2007–2008) as a period from which suicide rates surged globally. The study was about China's suicide rates which have been declining instead: in the 1990s China was among the countries with the highest suicide rates in the world (above 20 per 100,000), but by the global economic crisis they kept dropping as significantly (as they were by the end of 1990s) with the main force having been migration from rural to urban areas.<ref>(( Cite news|title=Back from the edge - A dramatic decline in suicides |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/news/china/21605942-first-two-articles-chinas-suicide-rate-looks-effect-urbanisation-back |date=28 June 2014))</ref> By 2011, China had one of the lowest suicide rates in the world, even less than the USA.<ref name="May 17"/><ref>((Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Jie|last2=Sun|first2=Long|last3=Liu|first3=Yuxin|last4=Zhang|first4=Jianwei|date=2014|title=The Change in Suicide Rates between 2002 and 2011 in China|journal=Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior|language=en|volume=44|issue=5|pages=560–568|doi=10.1111/sltb.12090|pmid=24690079|issn=1943-278X))</ref> Between 1990 and 2016, suicide rates in China fell by 64%, making China the #1 country in the world in suicide reduction.<ref name="Anne Gulland">((Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/climate-and-people/drop-suicide-rate-china-fuels-global-fall-deaths/|title=Drop in suicide rate in China fuels global fall in deaths|first=Anne|last=Gulland|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=8 June 2019|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-22))</ref><ref>((Cite journal|last=Naghavi|first=Mohsen|date=2019-02-06|title=Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 to 2016: systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=364|pages=l94|doi=10.1136/bmj.l94|pmid=31339847|pmc=6598639|issn=0959-8138))</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization|WHO]], in 2016, the suicide rate in China was 9.7, while the suicide rate in the U.S. was 15.3.<ref name=":0"/> Among men, the suicide rate in the U.S. was more than 2.5 times the suicide rate in China—23.6 for American men versus 9.1 for Chinese men, as of 2016.<ref name=":0" />

==Statistics==
On the basis of data gathered in 1999, the government estimated an overall rate of 13.9 per 100,000 people,<ref name="media chin.pdf">[https://www.who.int/mental_health/media/chin.pdf Suicide rates (per 100,000), by gender, China 1987-1999] [[World Health Organization]]</ref> much lower than the rate in other [[East Asia]]n countries: [[Suicide in Japan|Japan]] (18.5) and [[Suicide in South Korea|South Korea]] (28.9).((non sequitur|date=January 2021)) Family conflicts are the number one cause of suicide in China; other common causes include poverty, and disease of the body and mind.<ref name="Meng 300–309"/>

According to a 2016 WHO report, China's suicide rate is 9.7 people out of every 100,000.<ref name=":0" /> This rate places the country among the countries with the lowest suicide per capita in the world.  For 2009–2011, 44% of all suicides occurred among those aged 65 or above and 79% among rural residents.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Chong-Wen|year=2014|title=Suicide rates in China from 2002 to 2011: an update|journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology|volume=49|issue=6|pages=929–41|doi=10.1007/s00127-013-0789-5|pmid=24240568|s2cid=22314831))</ref> Moreover, a 2014 study conducted by the Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention at the [[University of Hong Kong]] reported that China's suicide rate has dropped significantly, among the lowest levels<ref name="Shanghaiist-suicide rates">((cite news|title=China's suicide rate has dramatically declined in recent years: Report|url=http://shanghaiist.com/2014/06/27/chinas_suicide_rate_is_finally_decl.php|access-date=29 June 2014|publisher=Shanghaiist|date=27 June 2014))</ref> in the world. An average annual rate of about 9.8 people out of every 100,000 died by suicide as of 2009 to 2011, a 58% drop from average annual rate of 23.2 per 100,000 in 1990 to 1995, largely as a result of population migration from rural areas and urbanization of middle class. Paul Yip, a co-author of the recent study and professor at the University of Hong Kong, said "no country has ever achieved such a rapid decline in suicides".<ref>[
http://www.economist.com/node/21605942/ A dramatic decline in suicides: Back from the edge]</ref>

==Demographics==
In China, marginally more women than men die by suicide each year. China is one of the few countries in the world that has a higher suicide rate by women over men.<ref name="Meng 300–309"/> It was found that females that attempted suicide were less likely to have been diagnosed with a mental disorder than males who attempted to commit suicide.<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Sun|first1=Long|last2=Zhang|first2=Jie|date=June 2017|title=Gender differences among medically serious suicide attempters aged 15–54 years in rural China|journal=Psychiatry Research|volume=252|pages=57–62|doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.042|pmid=28249203|pmc=5438887))</ref> According to WHO's statistics: in 2016, the suicide rate in China per 100,000 people was 9.1 for men and 10.3 for women,<ref name=":0" /> one of the highest female suicide rates [[List of countries by suicide rate|in the world]]. [[Suicide in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] is also among the few countries where the female rate is higher than the male rate. According to official [[PRC government]] statistics, the Chinese male rate (9.1 per 100,000 men per year) is lower than in many other countries, including some [[Western countries]], such as the [[Suicide in the United States|United States]], [[Suicide in Australia|Australia]], and [[Germany]].<ref name=":0" /> Among men, the suicide rate in China was 60% lower than the suicide rate in the U.S.-- 23.6 for American men versus 9.1 for Chinese men, as of 2016.<ref name=":0" />

By 2016, suicide rates among Chinese men and women were almost the same—9.1 for men and 10.3 for women.<ref name=":0" /> A 2008 study—which was based on data from the 1990s—found that: female suicides outnumbered male suicides by a 3:1 ratio; rural suicides outnumbered urban suicides by a 3:1 ratio; a large upsurge of young adult and older adult suicides had occurred; a comparatively high national suicide rate two to three times the global average was evident; and a low rate of psychiatric illness, particularly [[clinical depression]], existed in suicide victims.<ref name="current_psychiatry">((citation|title=Suicide in China: Unique demographic patterns and relationship to depressive disorder|doi=10.1007/s11920-008-0014-5|date=February 2008|author1=Law, Samuel  |author2=Liu, Pozi |name-list-style=amp |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports|volume=10|pages=80–86|pmid=18269899|issue=1|s2cid=24474367))</ref> According to the journal ''Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry'', there were over 300,000 suicides in China annually in the 1990s;<ref>((citation|title=Suicide and Social Change in China|doi=10.1023/A:1005462530658|pmid=10388942|author=Phillips, Michael R.|date=November 3, 2004|last2=Liu|first2=Huaqing|last3=Zhang|first3=Yanping|journal=Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry|volume=23|issue=1|pages=25–50|s2cid=26060744|doi-access=free))</ref> however, the suicide rates in China fell by 64% between 1990 and 2016, making China #1 in the world in reduction of suicide.<ref name="Anne Gulland"/> As of 2016, China accounted for about 17% of the world's suicides.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/|archive-url=https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040701084208/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 1, 2004|title=WHO ((!)) Suicide data|website=WHO|access-date=2019-06-22))</ref> The suicide rate in the [[Yangtze River|Yangtze Basin]] was about 40% higher than in the rest of China in the 1990s.<ref>((citation|title=A suicide belt in China: The Yangtze Basin|author=He, Zhao-Xiong|doi=10.1023/A:1009609111621|date=November 9, 2004|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=4|issue=3|pages=287–289|s2cid=143708605))</ref>

==History==
((see also|Philosophy of suicide#Confucianism))

=== Male suicide ===
For male members in the [[Han dynasty|Han]], physical mutilation and suicide were among the highest crimes, threats not only to the self but to the lineage.<ref>Lewis, Mark Edward, and Timothy Brook. The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. First Harvard University Press, 2010, Page 160.</ref> [[Ritual suicide]] was long practiced in [[traditional Chinese culture]], owing both to the power of the state to enforce [[collective punishment]] against the families of disgraced ministers and to [[Confucianism|Confucian]] values that held that certain failures of virtue were worse than death, making suicide morally permissible or even praiseworthy in some [[altruistic suicide|altruistic contexts]].<ref>((citation|title=Stress and Suicide in Japan|journal=Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review|author1=Iga, Mamoura|author2=KS Adam|year=1980|volume=17|issue=4|pages=243–244|doi=10.1177/136346158001700405|s2cid=144018059))</ref> [[Confucius]] wrote, "For gentlemen of purpose and men of [[Ren (Confucianism)|ren]] while it is inconceivable that they should seek to stay alive at the expense of ren, it may happen that they have to accept death in order to have ren accomplished."<ref>Analects, trans. D.C. Lau, second edition, (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1992), XV:9D</ref> [[Mencius]] wrote:
<blockquote>Fish is what I want; bear's palm is also what I want. If I cannot have both, I would rather take bear's palm than fish. Life is what I want; [[Yi (Confucianism)|yi]] is also what I want. If I cannot have both, I would rather take yi than life. On the one hand, though life is what I want, there is something I want more than life. That is why I do not cling to life at all cost. On the other hand, though death is what I loathe, there is something I loathe more than death. That is why there are dangers I do not avoid ... Yet there are ways of remaining alive and ways of avoiding death to which a person will not resort. In other words, there are things a person wants more than life and there are also things he or she loathes more than death.<ref>Mencius, trans. D.C. Lau, (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1984), VI A:10</ref> </blockquote>

Due to the above-mentioned aversion to physical mutilation (originating from the belief that the body was a gift from one's parents and desecrating it therefore an unfilial act<ref>Analects 8:3, Xing Bing and Zhu Xi commentaries</ref>), the preferred methods—as recorded in for instance the Book of Han—appear to have been those that did not leave the corpse significantly disfigured, notably hanging/strangulation.

Notable suicides include [[Wu Zixu]], whose compelled suicide was regretted by [[King Fuchai of Wu|King Fuchai]] of [[state of Wu|Wu]] when he was proved right about the danger of [[state of Yue|Yue]], and [[Qu Yuan]], whose despair over his exile by [[King Qingxiang of Chu|King Qingxiang]] of [[state of Chu|Chu]] and sorrow over the capture of [[Ying (Chu)|his capital]] by [[state of Qin|Qin]] in 278((nbsp))BC is commemorated by China's annual [[Dragon Boat Festival]].

=== Female suicide ===
Female suicide became a common practice towards the end of the Ming dynasty and reached a high during the early Qing dynasty. There were many different ideologies and social circumstances which led to this spike. Historians such as Janet Theiss have stated that the Han had a practice of women committing suicide to preserve their chastity, while the Manchus had a practice of wives committing suicide to follow their husbands into death.<ref name="Theiss 47–76">((Cite journal|last=Theiss|first=Janet|date=2001-06-01|journal=NAN NÜ|volume=3|issue=1|pages=47–76|doi=10.1163/156852601750122991|issn=1387-6805|title=Managing Martyrdom: Female Suicide and Statecraft in Mid-Qing China|pmid=19484900))</ref> The loss of a woman's chastity was viewed as shameful to the family so the act of suicide to preserve chastity was seen as a heroic act. Conversely, the Chinese have also historically seen suicide as a great act against filial piety, as bodies are gifts from parents and as such, should not be harmed without their parents' permission. According to Liu Meng, it was decided that the principle of preserving chastity was more important than preserving life and was considered exempt from this criticism.<ref name="Meng 300–309">((Cite journal|last=Meng|first=Liu|date=October 2002|title=Rebellion and revenge: the meaning of suicide of women in rural China|journal=International Journal of Social Welfare|volume=11|issue=4|pages=300–309|doi=10.1111/1468-2397.00239))</ref>

Chastity was greatly valued by widowed women, especially those who had not borne a son—who were very likely to be forced into a new marriage by their in-laws. Scholars have stated that these women were made to choose between losing their chastity and potentially shaming their families or taking their own lives. Eventually, due to this type of ideological thinking, some women felt that their only option to obtain glory was to kill themselves, thus becoming a martyr. The Qing government passed a law attempting to help preserve female chastity by allowing widows to inherit their husbands' wealth and property, which led to families' desire to remarry their widowed daughter-in-laws, so that the fortune would be returned to the clan.<ref name="Ropp 3–21">((Cite journal|last=Ropp|first=Paul|date=2001-06-01|journal=NAN NÜ|volume=3|issue=1|pages=3–21|doi=10.1163/156852601750122973|issn=1387-6805|title=Passionate Women: Female Suicide in Late Imperial China-Introduction|pmid=19484897))</ref>

== Legality ==
The legality of suicide in China is unclear. The China's National People's Congress has considered several proposals to legalize [[physician-assisted suicide]], but as of 2011, had rejected these proposals. In 1992, a physician was acquitted of the murder of a terminally ill cancer patient who was given a lethal injection. In May 2011, a farmer received a two-year jail term for criminal negligence after assisting a friend in committing suicide, but in that case the farmer had mistakenly buried the friend alive, after the friend took poison, but in an insufficient dose.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/china-case-of-assisted-suicide-stirs-euthanasia-debate/|title=China: Case of Assisted Suicide Stirs Euthanasia Debate|publisher=[[The Law Library of Congress]]|date=August 17, 2011))</ref>

The Qing dynasty tried to reduce female suicide by creating preventative laws. One of the laws made making lewd comments towards a woman equivalent to rape if she later committed suicide due to these comments.<ref name="Ropp 3–21"/> The Qing dynasty also made suicide illegal, so that any person that completed the act would not be able to receive any awards or special honors. The Qing would, however, frequently make exceptions to this when it was believed the act was done to preserve a woman's chastity.<ref name="Theiss 47–76"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of countries by suicide rate]]
* [[Neijuan]]
* [[Shame society]]
* [[Self-immolation in China]]

== References ==
((reflist))

((China topics))
((Asia topic |prefix=Suicide in))

((DEFAULTSORT:Suicide In China))
[[Category:Suicide in China| ]]
[[Category:Demographics of China]]
[[Category:Chinese culture]]

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