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((short description|Species of edible fungus in the family Suillaceae native to Europe and Asia))
((featured article))
((Speciesbox
| image = Suillus bovinus 2011 10 07.jpg
| image_caption = ''Suillus bovinus''<br> Pine woods, [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]
| genus = Suillus
| species = bovinus
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Henri François Anne de Roussel|Roussel]]  (1806)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank"/>
| synonyms = *''Boletus bovinus'' <small>L. (1753)</small>
* ''Agaricus bovinus'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]] (1783)</small>
* ''Ixocomus bovinus'' <small>(L.) [[Quél.]] (1888)</small>
* ''Mariaella bovina'' <small>(L.) Šutara (1987)</small>
))
((mycomorphbox
| name = ''Suillus bovinus''
| whichGills = adnate
| whichGills2 = decurrent 
| capShape = convex
| hymeniumType = pores
| stipeCharacter = bare
| ecologicalType = mycorrhizal
| sporePrintColor = olive-brown
| howEdible = choice
))

'''''Suillus bovinus''''', also known as the '''Jersey cow mushroom''' or '''bovine bolete''', is a [[pored mushroom]] of the genus ''[[Suillus]]'' in the family [[Suillaceae]].  A common fungus native to Europe and Asia, it has been [[introduced species|introduced]] to North America and Australia. It was initially described as ''Boletus bovinus'' by [[ Carl Linnaeus ]] in 1753, and given its current binomial name by [[Henri François Anne de Roussel]] in 1806. It is an [[edible mushroom]], though not highly regarded.

The fungus grows in [[coniferous forest]]s in its native range, and pine [[plantation]]s in countries where it has become [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]]. It forms [[symbiotic]] [[ectomycorrhiza]]l associations with living trees by enveloping the tree's underground roots with sheaths of fungal tissue, and is sometimes parasitised by the related mushroom ''[[Gomphidius roseus]]''. ''Suillus bovinus'' produces [[spore]]-bearing [[basidiocarp|fruit bodies]], often in large numbers, above ground. The mushroom has a convex grey-yellow or ochre [[pileus (mycology)|cap]] reaching up to ((convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on)) in diameter, which flattens with age. Like other boletes, it has tubes extending downward from the underside of the cap, rather than [[lamella (mycology)|gills]]; spores escape at maturity through the tube openings, or pores. The pore surface is yellow. The [[Stipe (mycology)|stipe]], more slender than those of other ''Suillus'' boletes, lacks a [[annulus (mycology)|ring]].

==Taxonomy and naming==
''Suillus bovinus'' was one of the many species first [[species description|described]] in 1753 by the "father of taxonomy" [[Carl Linnaeus]], who, in the second volume of his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'', gave it the name ''Boletus bovinus''.<ref name="Linnaeus 1177"/> The  [[botanical name|specific epithet]] is derived from the [[Latin]] word ''bos'', meaning "cattle".<ref name="Simpson 1979"/> The fungus was reclassified in (and became the [[type species]] of) the genus ''[[Suillus]]'' by French naturalist [[Henri François Anne de Roussel]] in 1796.<ref name="Roussel 1796"/> ''Suillus'' is an ancient term for fungi, and is derived from the word "swine".<ref name="Arora 1986"/> [[Lucien Quélet]] classified it as ''Viscipellis bovina'' in 1886.<ref name="Quélet 1886"/>

In works published before 1987, the species was written fully as ''Suillus bovinus'' (L.:[[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]], as the description by Linnaeus had been [[sanctioned name|name sanctioned]] in 1821 by the "father of mycology", Swedish naturalist Elias Magnus Fries. The description starting date for all the [[mycota]] had been set by general agreement as 1 January 1821, the date of Fries's work. Furthermore, as Roussel's description of ''Suillus'' predated this as well, the authority for the genus was assigned to Otto Kuntze. The 1987 edition of the [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]] changed the rules on the starting date and primary work for names of fungi, and names can now be considered [[Validly published name (botany)|valid]] as far back as 1 May 1753, the date of publication of Linnaeus's work.<ref name="Hawksworth 2001"/>

[[Common name]]s include Jersey cow mushroom, bovine bolete,<ref name="Phillips 2006"/> and euro cow bolete.<ref name="Laessoe 2002"/> One proposed origin for the scientific name is that medieval knights—who revered ''[[Tricholoma equestre]]''—considered this mushroom fit only for cattle-drovers as it was not highly valued.<ref name="Lamaison 2005"/> The mushroom's colour is similar to that of a [[Jersey cow]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/suillus-bovinus.php|title=Suillus bovinus, Bovine Bolete mushroom|website=www.first-nature.com|access-date=2019-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403133950/https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/suillus-bovinus.php|archive-date=2019-04-03|url-status=live))</ref>

A limited genetic sampling of species in a 1996 study by Annette Kretzer and colleagues showed ''Suillus bovinus'' was related to a [[lineage (evolution)|lineage]] that diverged to ''[[Suillus punctipes|S.&nbsp;punctipes]]'', ''[[Suillus variegatus|S.&nbsp;variegatus]]'' and ''[[Suillus tomentosus|S.&nbsp;tomentosus]]''.<ref name="Kretzer 1996"/> A 2001 study found it was not closely related to other European species, and that all populations tested were closer to each other than any other and hence it was a cohesive species.<ref name="Manian 2001"/>

Czech mycologist Josef Šutara [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] the genus ''Mariaella'' in 1987, assigning ''Mariaella bovina'' as the type species.<ref name="Šutara 1987"/> ''Mariaella'' contained ''Suillus'' species in [[section (botany)|section]] ''Fungosi''. Molecular studies do not support the existence of ''Mariaella'', and so it is considered [[synonym (biology)|synonymous]] with ''Suillus''.<ref name="Watling 2008"/> Older synonyms for ''S.&nbsp;bovinus'' include those resulting from generic transfers to ''[[Agaricus]]'' by [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] in 1783, and the now-obsolete ''Ixocomus'' by [[Lucien Quélet]] in 1888.<ref name="urlMycoBank"/>

In 1951, [[Arthur Anselm Pearson]] described the [[variety (botany)|variety]] '' Boletus bovinus'' var. ''viridocaerulescens'',<ref name="Pearson 1950"/> which was later transferred to ''Suillus'' by [[Rolf Singer]] in 1961.<ref name="Singer 1962"/> This variant, collected in [[Western Cape Province]], South Africa, differs from the main form by the staining reaction of the cap flesh, which turns dark or light greenish-blue upon injury.<ref name="Pearson 1950"/> [[Index Fungorum]] does not, however, recognize the variety as having independent [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] significance.<ref name="urlFungorum: Boletus bovinus var. viridocaerulescens"/>

Chemical analysis of [[biological pigment|pigments]] and [[wikt:chromogen|chromogens]] showed that ''Suillus'' was more closely related to ''[[Gomphidius]]'' and ''[[Rhizopogon]]'' than to other boletes, and hence ''Suillus bovinus'' and its allies were transferred from the [[Boletaceae]] to the newly circumscribed family [[Suillaceae]] in 1997.<ref name="Besl 1997"/> [[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular]] studies have reinforced how distantly related these fungi are from ''[[Boletus edulis]]'' and its allies.<ref name="Binder 2006"/>

==Description==
[[File:Suillus bovinus 187483.jpg|thumb|left|Bisected fruit body]]
The [[fruit body]]—colloquially called a mushroom—of ''Suillus bovinus'' is a [[basidiocarp]] which is smaller and daintier than most other boletes.<ref name="Lamaison 2005"/> The  [[pileus (mycology)|cap]] is initially convex, then flat with a wavy margin and a grey-yellow or ochre with pink tinge in some specimens. It ranges from ((convert|3-10|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4)) in diameter and has a sticky [[pileipellis|skin]]. The [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] is whitish, yellowish or clay-coloured and has a fruity smell.<ref name="Phillips 2006"/><!-- cites previous 3 sentences --> Sometimes turning a pink tinge when bruised,<ref name="Lamaison 2005"/> the flesh is spongy and rubbery.<ref name="Haas 1969"/> Like other boletes, it has pores instead of [[lamella (mycology)|gills]] that make up the [[hymenophore]] on the underside of the cap. ''Suillus bovinus'' has a characteristic compound pore layer, consisting of an outer layer of coarse, angular pores overlaying an inner layer of finer pores.<ref name="Laessoe 2002"/> The pores are grey- to olive-yellow and generally [[decurrent]],<ref name="Phillips 2006"/> comprising yellow to olive-yellow tubes that measure ((convert|0.3–1|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8)) long.<ref name="Laessoe 2002"/> The stipe is ((convert|4-6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4)) tall, similar in colour to the cap, and tends to be narrower towards the base. With a diameter of ((convert|0.5–0.8|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8)),<ref name="Phillips 2006"/> it is more slender than those of other boletes.<ref name="Lamaison 2005"/>
[[File:Suillus bovinus 187484.jpg|thumb|right|Closeup of pore surface]]
The [[spore print]] is an olive-brown colour. The oval to spindle-shaped [[basidiospore|spores]] have dimensions of 8–10 by 3.5–4.5&nbsp;[[micrometre|μm]].<ref name="Phillips 2006"/> [[Basidia]] (spore-bearing cells) are cylindrical to narrowly club-shaped, measuring 22.4–33.4 by 5.8–8.0&nbsp;μm. They bear four [[sterigmata]] (each holding a single spore), which are up to 6.8&nbsp;μm long. [[Cystidia]] are present on both the tube ends (cheilocystidia) and tube faces (pleurocystidia). There are no [[clamp connection]]s in the [[hypha]]e of ''Suillus bovinus''. The [[pileipellis|cap cuticle]] comprises filamentous, gelatinized hyphae with a diameter of 2.6–5.0&nbsp;μm.<ref name="Grgurinovic 1997"/> The [[mycelium]] has a pink tinge.<ref name="Lamaison 2005"/>

The distinctive colour of the cap and pores make it hard to confuse with other species.<ref name="Nilper 1977"/> Often found in similar habitats is ''S.&nbsp;variegatus'', though this species has a granular cap and dark olive pores,<ref name="Haas 1969"/> which are smaller and not decurrent. It can also bruise blue.<ref name="Lamaison 2005"/>

==Distribution and habitat==
''Suillus bovinus'' is found in [[conifer]] woods and plantations across Europe, including [[subalpine]] regions in the Alps, up to altitudes of 800&nbsp;m (2500&nbsp;ft).<ref name="Nilper 1977"/> It is common in Lithuania, where it associates with [[Scots pine]] (''Pinus sylvestris''), the only naturally occurring pine in that country.<ref name="Motiejūnaitė 2013"/> Preferred soils of ''S.&nbsp;bovinus'' are often [[soil pH|acidic]], sand-based, or sometimes calcareous (chalky) and [[moraine]].<ref name="Dahlberg 1992"/> In Asia, it has been recorded in Taiwan,<ref name="Yeh 1980"/> and in Japan, where it associates with [[Japanese red pine]] (''Pinus densiflora'').<ref name="Zeller 1934"/> In China, it has been recorded from provinces [[Anhui]], [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]], [[Hunan]], [[Jiangxi]], and [[Zhejiang]].<ref name="Teng 1996"/>

''Suillus bovinus'' has been [[introduced species|introduced]] into other areas. In North America, where it is thought to have been introduced with Scots pine, it is found in the eastern United States, including [[North Carolina]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Vermont]], and the [[Adirondack Mountains]] of [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref name="Bessette 2000"/> It has been recorded infrequently under Scots pine in Australia,<ref name="Fungimap41"/> where it has been found as far north as southern Queensland,<ref name="QMS"/> and in more southerly locations including [[New South Wales]] and [[Kuitpo Forest]].<ref name="Grgurinovic 1997"/> It has been recorded in New Zealand.<ref name="SegPennyJBot"/> In South Africa, it grows with ''[[Pinus radiata]]''.<ref name="Dickinson 1982"/>

==Ecology==
[[File:Suillus bovinus & Gomphidius roseus (アミタケとオウギタケ)篠山市盃ヶ岳 DSCF9456.JPG|thumb|left|''Gomphidius roseus'' growing alongside ''Suillus bovinus'']]
''Suillus bovinus'' is [[mycorrhiza]]l, forming symbiotic associations with living trees by enveloping the tree's underground roots with sheaths of fungal tissue. Field work in pine forests in Sweden analysing the population structure of ''Suillus bovinus'' found that mushrooms were more abundant in younger forests and forests with disturbed areas, which contained a higher number of genets ([[Clonal colony|colonies]])—700 to 5700 per [[hectare]]—compared with 30 to 120 genets per hectare in mature stands. Older colonies in mature forests could be ((convert|17.5|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=4)) in diameter against ((convert|1.7|–|5.3|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=4)) diameter in young forests.<ref name="Dahlberg 1992"/> Spore-bearing mushrooms (sporocarps) produce a huge number of spores (estimated in a Finnish study at 240 million to 1.2 billion per mushroom), of which only a small number grow successfully; this large number is thought to explain the larger numbers of colonies in disturbed and young forests, while the fungus' vegetative spread becomes more important in established forests.<ref name="Dahlberg 1994"/> Colonies of ''S.&nbsp;bovinus'' do not overlap, which indicates they suppress each other's growth.<ref name="Dahlberg 1992"/> The [[median]] lifespan of a colony was estimated to be 36 years.<ref name="Dahlberg 1990"/><!-- cites previous 2 sentences --> Field work conducted in Swedish pine forests suggested that ''S.&nbsp;variegatus'' suppressed the growth of ''S.&nbsp;bovinus'', as there was a negative correlation in occurrence.<ref name="Lukac 2011"/>
[[File:Suillus bovinus 317261.jpg|thumb|right|''Suillus bovinus'' fruit bodies attacked by the yellow mould ''Dicranophora fulva'']]
A Finnish study published in 1997 found that bacterial communities under ''P.&nbsp;sylvestris'' without mycorrhizae metabolised [[organic acid|organic]] and [[amino acid]]s, while communities among ''S.&nbsp;bovinus'' metabolised [[mannitol]], a [[sugar alcohol]]. The mycelia also extended the environment in the soil that the bacteria were able to grow in.<ref name="Timonen 1997"/><!-- cites previous two sentences --> An experimental study in Portugal showed that ''[[Pinus pinaster]]'' trees grew better after being inoculated with  mycelium from ''S.&nbsp;bovinus'', ''[[Laccaria laccata]]'' and ''[[Lactarius deterrimus]]'' and spores of ''[[Pisolithus tinctorius]]'' and ''[[Scleroderma citrinum]]''. These fungi were proposed as an alternative for chemical fertiliser in [[arboriculture]] of pine trees.<ref name="Sousa 2012"/> ''Suillus bovinus'' has been shown to improve the tolerance of its host ''Pinus sylvestris'' to metal pollutants such as [[cadmium]] and [[zinc]],<ref name="Mackova 2006"/><ref name="Adriaensen 2006"/> though not to hazardous organic compounds such as [[m-Toluic acid|''m''-toluate]].<ref name="Mackova 2006"/>

Experimental work in 1986 showed that ''Suillus bovinus'' could metabolise proteins and [[peptide]]s directly, causing a drop in nitrogen in [[growth media]], which suggested the species has some [[saprophytic]] activity.<ref name="Abuzinadah 1986"/>

The related  rosy spike-cap (''[[Gomphidius roseus]]'') is found exclusively with this species, and is now thought to be [[parasitism|parasitic]] upon the [[mycelia|mycelium]] of ''Suillus bovinus''.<ref name="Olsson 2000"/> This is evidenced by microscopic examination, which shows that ''G.&nbsp;roseus'' inserts [[Haustorium|haustoria]] in plant root cells and does not produce significant mycelium itself. Furthermore, ''G.&nbsp;roseus'' is never found growing in isolation, only with ''S.&nbsp;bovinus'' though the latter species is found without the former.<ref name="Olsson 2000"/><!-- cites previous 2 sentences --> ''[[Dicranophora fulva]]'' is a yellow [[Mold (fungus)|mould]] that has been found growing on decaying ''S.&nbsp;bovinus'' fruit bodies in Europe and the United States.<ref name="Volgmayr 1996"/>

==Edibility==
''Suillus bovinus''  tastes mild and is [[edible mushroom|edible]], although it is not highly regarded.<ref name="Lamaison 2005"/> When cooked, it releases a lot of fluid, which can be collected and reduced or strained to make a sauce. Its flavour is made more intense by drying.<ref name="Jordan 2015"/> The soft and rubbery consistency of older specimens—as well as their proneness to maggot infestation—renders them almost inedible.<ref name="Lamaison 2005"/> Fruit bodies are part of the later summer diet of the [[red squirrel]] in Eurasia, which collects the mushrooms and stores them in [[tree fork]]s for a ready food supply after the onset of frost.<ref name="Ognev 1966"/> There are several [[fly]] species that often use ''S.&nbsp;bovinus'' fruit bodies to rear their young, including ''[[Bolitophila rossica]]'', ''[[Exechia separata]]'', ''[[Exechiopsis indecisa]]'', ''[[Pegomya deprimata]]'', and ''[[Pegohylemyia silvatica]]''.<ref name="Hackman 1979"/>

==References==
((Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="Abuzinadah 1986">((cite journal |vauthors=Abuzinadah RA, Read DJ |title=The role of proteins in the nitrogen nutrition of ectomycorrhizal plants. I. Utilization of peptides and proteins by ectomycorrhizal fungi |journal=New Phytologist |volume=103 |issue=3 |year=1986 |pages=481–93 |jstor=2434461 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1986.tb02886.x|doi-access= ))</ref>

<ref name="Adriaensen 2006">((cite journal|vauthors=Adriaensen K, Vangronsveld J, Colpaert JV |date=2006|title=Zinc-tolerant ''Suillus bovinus'' improves growth of Zn-exposed ''Pinus sylvestris'' seedlings|journal=Mycorrhiza|volume=16|issue=8|pages=553–58|doi=10.1007/s00572-006-0072-7|pmid=17033817|s2cid=20651950))</ref>

<ref name="Arora 1986">((cite book |author=Arora D. |title=Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, USA |year=1986 |orig-year=1979 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mushroomsdemysti00aror_0/page/500 500] |isbn=978-0-89815-169-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/mushroomsdemysti00aror_0/page/500 ))</ref>

<ref name="Besl 1997">((cite journal |vauthors=Besl H, Bresinsky A |year=1997 |title=Chemosystematics of Suillaceae and Gomphidiaceae (suborder Suillineae) |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=206 |issue=1–4 |pages=223–42 |doi=10.1007/BF00987949|s2cid=2359393 ))</ref>

<ref name="Bessette 2000">((cite book |vauthors=Bessette AR, Bessette A, Roody WC |title=North American Boletes: A Color Guide to the Fleshy Pored Mushrooms |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, New York |year=2000 |pages=229–30 |isbn=978-0-8156-0588-1))</ref>

<ref name="Binder 2006">((cite journal |vauthors=Binder M, Hibbett DS |year=2006 |title=Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales |journal=Mycologia |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=971–81 |pmid=17486973 |doi=10.3852/mycologia.98.6.971))</ref>

<ref name="Dahlberg 1990">((cite journal |vauthors=Dahlberg A, Stenlid J |year=1990 |title=Population structure and dynamics in ''Suillus bovinus'' as indicated by spatial distribution of fungal clones |journal=New Phytologist |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=487–93 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00475.x|pmid=33874270 |doi-access= ))</ref>

<ref name="Dahlberg 1992">((cite journal |vauthors=Dahlberg A, Stenlid J |year=1992 |title=Size, distribution and biomass of genets in populations of ''Suillus bovinus'' (L.: Fr.) Roussel revealed by somatic incompatibility |journal=New Phytologist |volume=128 |issue=2 |pages=225–34 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb04006.x|pmid=33874369 |doi-access=free ))</ref>

<ref name="Dahlberg 1994">((cite journal |vauthors=Dahlberg A, Stenlid J |year=1994 |title=Size, distribution and biomass of genets in populations of ''Suillus bovinus'' (L.: Fr.) Roussel revealed by somatic incompatibility |journal=New Phytologist |volume=128 |issue=2 |pages=225–34 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb04006.x|pmid=33874369 |doi-access=free ))</ref>

<ref name="Dickinson 1982">((cite book |vauthors=Dickinson C, Lucas J |title=VNR Color Dictionary of Mushrooms |year=1982 |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |location=New York |isbn=978-0-442-21998-7 |page=150))</ref>

<ref name="Fungimap41">((cite journal|url=https://www.fungimap.org.au/newsletters/NL41.pdf|title=The slippery jack and how to find him: A field key to Suillus species in Australia and New Zealand|vauthors=Leonard P, Batchelor D|date=October 2010|journal=Fungimap Newsletter|issue=41|pages=4–8|access-date=30 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228201108/https://www.fungimap.org.au/newsletters/NL41.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2015))</ref>

<ref name="Grgurinovic 1997">((cite book |author=Grgurinovic CA. |title=Larger Fungi of South Australia |publisher=State Herbarium of South Australia |location=Adelaide |year=1997 |pages=214–16 |isbn=978-0-7308-0737-7))</ref>

<ref name="SegPennyJBot">((cite journal|title=A nomenclatural checklist of agarics, boletes, and related secotioid and gasteromycetous fungi recorded from New Zealand.|vauthors=Segedin BP, Pennycook, SR |date=2001|journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany|issue=2|pages=285–348|doi=10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512739|volume=39|s2cid=85352273 ))</ref>

<ref name="Haas 1969">((cite book |author=Haas H. |title=The Young Specialist Looks at Fungi |year=1969 |page=52 |publisher=Burke |location=London |isbn=978-0-222-79409-3))</ref>

<ref name="Hackman 1979">((cite journal |vauthors=Hackman W, Meinander M |title=Diptera feeding as larvae on macrofungi in Finland |journal=Annales Zoologici Fennici |year=1979 |volume=16 |pages=50–83 (see pp.&nbsp;55–56) |url=http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anzf16/anzf16-050-083.pdf |access-date=2015-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030920/http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anzf16/anzf16-050-083.pdf |archive-date=2015-11-17 |url-status=live ))</ref>

<ref name="Hawksworth 2001">((cite book |veditors=McLaughlin DJ, McLaughlin EG |series=The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research |author=Hawksworth DL. |title=Systematics and Evolution. Part B |volume=7 |chapter=The naming of fungi |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Germany |year=2001 |pages=171–92 (see p.&nbsp;181) |isbn=978-3-540-66493-2))</ref>

<ref name="Jordan 2015">((cite book |author=Jordan P. |year=2015 |title=Field Guide to Edible Mushrooms of Britain and Europe |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-4729-2085-0 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F66FCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99))</ref>

<ref name="Kretzer 1996">((cite journal |vauthors=Kretzer A, Li Y, Szaro T, Bruns TD |year=1996 |title=Internal transcribed spacer sequences from 38 recognized species of ''Suillus'' sensu lato: Phylogenetic and taxonomic implications |journal=Mycologia |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=776–85 |doi=10.2307/3760972 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0088/005/0776.htm|jstor=3760972 ))</ref>

<ref name="Laessoe 2002">((cite book |author=Laessoe T. |year=2002 |title=Mushrooms |location=London |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Adult |edition=2nd |series=Smithsonian Handbooks |isbn=978-0-7894-8986-9 |page=200))</ref>

<ref name="Lamaison 2005">((cite book |title=The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms |vauthors=((Lamaison J-L)), ((Polese J-M)) |year=2005 |publisher=Könemann |location=Cologne, Germany |isbn=978-3-8331-1239-3 |page=90))</ref>

<ref name="Linnaeus 1177">((cite book |author=Linnaeus C. |title=Species Plantarum |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |location=Stockholm, Sweden |year=1753 |volume=2 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359198 |page=1177 |language=la |access-date=2018-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306102242/http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359198 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |url-status=live ))</ref>

<ref name="Lukac 2011">((cite book |vauthors=Lukac M, Goldbold DL |title=Soil Ecology in Northern Forests: A Belowground View of a Changing World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2011 |pages=67–69 |isbn=978-1-139-50086-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3SvxrKZBbkC&pg=PA68 |access-date=2015-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307032749/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=h3SvxrKZBbkC&pg=PA68 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |url-status=live ))</ref>

<ref name="Mackova 2006">((cite book |veditors=Mackova M, Dowling DN, Macek M |title=Phytoremediation and Rhizoremediation |vauthors=Vosátka M, Rydlová J, Sudová R, Vohník M |chapter=Mycorrhizal fungi as helping agents in phytoremediation of degraded and contaminated soils |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mph14ko78hYC&pg=PA245 |year=2006 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |location=Dordrecht, Germany |isbn=978-1-4020-4999-6 |page=245))</ref>

<ref name="Manian 2001">((cite journal |vauthors=Manian S, Sreenivasaprasad S, Bending GD, Mills PR |year=2001 |title=Genetic diversity and interrelationships among common European ''Suillus'' species based on ribosomal DNA sequences |journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters |volume=204 |issue=1 |pages=117–21 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10873.x|pmid=11682189 |doi-access=free ))</ref>

<ref name="Motiejūnaitė 2013">((cite journal |vauthors=Motiejūnaitė J, Kačergius A, Kasparavičius J |year=2013 |title=Preliminary studies on genetic diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungus ''Suillus bovinus'' in Lithuania|journal=Botanica Lithuanica |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=91–98 |doi=10.2478/botlit-2013-0012|doi-access=free )) ((open access))</ref>

<ref name="Ognev 1966">((cite book |author=Ognev SI. |title=Mammals of the U.S.S.R. and Adjacent Countries |volume=IV. Rodents |year=1966 |orig-year=1940 |location=Jerusalem |publisher=Israel Program for Scientific Translations |pages=314–15 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32111176 |access-date=2018-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306164039/http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32111176 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |url-status=live ))</ref>

<ref name="Olsson 2000">((cite journal |vauthors=Olsson PA, Munzenberger B, Mahmood S, Erland S |year=2000 |title=Molecular and anatomical evidence for a three-way association between ''Pinus sylvestris'' and the ectomycorrhizal fungi ''Suillus bovinus'' and ''Gomphidius roseus'' |journal=Mycological Research |volume=104 |issue=11 |pages=1372–78  |doi=10.1017/S0953756200002823|url=http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/146986 |type=Submitted manuscript ))</ref>

<ref name="Pearson 1950">((cite journal |author=Pearson AA. |title=Cape agarics and boleti |journal=Transactions of the British Mycological Society |year=1950 |volume=33 |issue=3–4 |pages=276–314 (see p.&nbsp;314) |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59351/0033/003/0314.htm |doi=10.1016/s0007-1536(50)80080-3 |access-date=2015-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230843/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59351/0033/003/0314.htm |archive-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=live ))</ref>

<ref name="Nilper 1977">((cite book |vauthors=Nilsson S, Persson O |title=Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill Fungi) |year=1977 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-063005-3 |pages=114–15))</ref>

<ref name="Phillips 2006">((cite book |author=Phillips R |title=Mushrooms |year=2006 |publisher=Pan MacMillan |location=London |isbn=978-0-330-44237-4 |page=295))</ref>

<ref name="QMS">((cite web |url=http://qldfungi.org.au/resources-2/fungi-keys/fungi-key-suillus |title=Fungi Key – ''Suillus'' |author=Leonard P. |date=2012 |publisher=Queensland Mycological Society |access-date=4 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812061952/http://qldfungi.org.au/resources-2/fungi-keys/fungi-key-suillus |archive-date=12 August 2015 |url-status=live ))</ref>

<ref name="Quélet 1886">((cite book |author=Quélet L. |title=Enchiridion fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia vigentium |publisher=O.&nbsp;Doin |location=Switzerland |year=1886 |page=157 |url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000785094#page/156/mode/2up |access-date=2016-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310154105/https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000785094#page/156/mode/2up |archive-date=2016-03-10 |url-status=live ))</ref>

<ref name="Roussel 1796">((cite book |author=Roussell HFA. |title=Flore du Calvados et terrains adjacents, composée suivant la méthode de Jussieu |year=1796 |publisher=L.-J.&nbsp;Poisson |location=Caen, France |page=34 |language=fr))</ref>

<ref name="Simpson 1979">((cite book |author=Simpson DP. |title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary |publisher=Cassell |year=1979 |edition=5th |location=London |page=79 |isbn=978-0-304-52257-6))</ref>

<ref name="Singer 1962">((cite journal |author=Singer R. |title=Diagnoses Fungorum novorum Agaricalium II |journal=Sydowia |year=1962 |volume=1 |issue=1–6 |pages=45–83 (see p.&nbsp;82) |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59633/0015/001/0082.htm |language=la |access-date=2015-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924003944/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59633/0015/001/0082.htm |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=live ))</ref>

<ref name="Sousa 2012">((cite journal |year=2012 |vauthors=Sousa NR, Franco AR, Oliveira RS, ((Castro PML)) |title=Ectomycorrhizal fungi as an alternative to the use of chemical fertilisers in nursery production of ''Pinus pinaster'' |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=95|issue=Suppl. 1|pages=S269–74 | doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.07.016 | pmid=20702021|hdl=10400.14/5454 |hdl-access=free ))</ref>

<ref name="Šutara 1987">((cite journal |author=Šutara J. |title=''Mariaella'', a new boletaceous genus |journal=Ceská Mykologie |year=1987 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=73–84))</ref>

<ref name="Teng 1996">((cite book |author=Teng SC. |title=Fungi of China |year=1996 |publisher=Mycotaxon |location=Ithaca, New York |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-930845-05-6 |page=405))</ref>

<ref name="Timonen 1997">((cite journal |vauthors=Timonen S, Jørgensen KS, Haahtela K, Sen R |year=1997 |title=Bacterial community structure at defined locations of ''Pinus sylvestris''–''Suillus bovinus'' and ''Pinus sylvestris''–''Paxillus involutus'' mycorrhizospheres in dry pine forest humus and nursery peat |journal=Canadian Journal of Microbiology |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=499–513 |doi=10.1139/w98-035))</ref>

<ref name="Watling 2008">((cite book |author=Watling R. |title=A Manual and Source Book on the Boletes and their Allies |year=2008 |series=Synopsis Fungorum |volume=24 |publisher=Fungiflora |location=Oslo, Norway |isbn=978-82-90724-36-3 |page=126))</ref>

<ref name="urlFungorum: Boletus bovinus var. viridocaerulescens">((cite web |title=Record details: ''Boletus bovinus'' var. ''viridocaerulescens'' A. Pearson |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=346572 |publisher=Index Fungorum. CAB International |access-date=2015-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051742/http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=346572 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=live ))</ref>

<ref name="urlMycoBank">((cite web |title=''Suillus bovinus'' (L.) Roussel 1806 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=356928 |publisher=[[MycoBank]]. International Mycological Association |access-date=2011-06-06))</ref>

<ref name="Volgmayr 1996">((cite journal |vauthors=Volgmayr H, Krisai-Greilhuber I |title=''Dicranophora fulva'', a rare mucoraceous fungus growing on boletes |journal=Mycological Research |year=1996 |volume=100 |issue=5 |pages=583–90 |doi=10.1016/S0953-7562(96)80012-8)) ((open access))</ref>

<ref name="Yeh 1980">((cite journal |vauthors=((Yeh K-W)), ((Chen Z-C)) |title=The boletes of Taiwan |journal=Taiwania |year=1980 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=166–84 (see pp.&nbsp;178–80) |url=http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/pdf/tai.1980.25.166.pdf |access-date=2015-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126053336/http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/pdf/tai.1980.25.166.pdf |archive-date=2015-11-26 |url-status=live ))</ref>

<ref name="Zeller 1934">((cite journal |vauthors=Zeller SM, Togashi K |title=The American and Japanese matsu-takes |journal=Mycologia |year=1934 |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=544–58 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0026/006/0544.htm |doi=10.2307/3754184 |jstor=3754184 |access-date=2015-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222841/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0026/006/0544.htm |archive-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=live ))</ref>

))

==External links==
* ((Commons category-inline|Suillus bovinus|''Suillus bovinus''))
* ((Wikispecies-inline|Suillus bovinus|''Suillus bovinus''))

((Taxonbar|from=Q1165762))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Suillus|bovinus]]
[[Category:Edible fungi]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1753]]
[[Category:Fungi of Africa]]
[[Category:Fungi of Asia]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Fungus species]]

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